paper 1 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties.
What is the structure of an atom?
Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels.
What is the relative charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Proton: +1, Neutron: 0, Electron: -1.
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
What is the electronic configuration of an atom?
The arrangement of electrons in energy levels (e.g., sodium: 2,8,1).
What is a group in the periodic table?
A vertical column where elements have similar chemical properties due to the same number of outer electrons.
What is a period in the periodic table?
A horizontal row where elements have the same number of energy levels.
What are noble gases and why are they unreactive?
Group 0 elements with full outer shells, making them stable and unreactive.
What are alkali metals and how do they react?
Group 1 metals that react with water to form hydrogen gas and an alkaline solution.
What are halogens and how do they react?
Group 7 non-metals that react with metals to form salts and display displacement reactions.
What is ionic bonding?
The transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, forming oppositely charged ions.
What is covalent bonding?
The sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms to form molecules.
What is metallic bonding?
A structure of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons, allowing conductivity.
What is a giant ionic structure?
A lattice of oppositely charged ions held by strong electrostatic forces, giving high melting points.
What is a simple covalent molecule?
Small molecules with weak intermolecular forces, leading to low melting and boiling points.
Why do metals conduct electricity?
Because delocalised electrons move freely and carry charge.
What are allotropes of carbon?
Different structural forms of carbon, including diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.
Why is graphite a good conductor?
It has delocalised electrons between layers, allowing electrical conductivity.
Why is diamond hard?
Each carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds in a giant lattice structure.
What is relative atomic mass (Ar)?
The weighted average mass of an atom compared to carbon-12.
What is the formula for moles?
Moles = Mass ÷ Mr (Relative Formula Mass).
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
What is percentage yield?
The actual yield divided by the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100.
What is atom economy?
A measure of how efficiently reactants are converted into useful products.
