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Question 1

What is the rate of reaction?

Answer 1

The change in quantity over time.

Question 2

What factors influence the rate of reaction?

Answer 2

Concentration, pressure, surface area, and catalysts.

Question 3

When does a reversible reaction reach equilibrium?

Answer 3

When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.

Question 4

How do pressure and temperature affect equilibrium?

Answer 4

They shift the equilibrium position.

Question 5

What is collision theory?

Answer 5

Particles must collide with sufficient energy to react.

Question 6

What is activation energy?

Answer 6

The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

Question 7

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

Answer 7

If a system in equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to counteract the change.

Question 8

What are organic compounds mainly composed of?

Answer 8

Carbon-based structures, often derived from crude oil.

Question 9

What is crude oil formed from?

Answer 9

Ancient plankton.

Question 10

What elements make up hydrocarbons?

Answer 10

Carbon and hydrogen.

Question 11

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Answer 11

CnH2n+2.

Question 12

How are hydrocarbons separated?

Answer 12

By fractional distillation based on boiling points.

Question 13

What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?

Answer 13

Alkenes contain a double bond.

Question 14

How can you test for alkenes?

Answer 14

Using bromine water; if an alkene is present, it turns colorless.

Question 15

What is cracking?

Answer 15

Breaking long-chain alkanes into shorter chains and producing alkenes.

Question 16

What is combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 16

A reaction that produces CO2 and H2O in complete combustion; CO and C in incomplete combustion.

Question 17

What is fermentation?

Answer 17

The anaerobic process where sugar is converted to ethanol and CO2 using yeast.

Question 18

What is the functional group in alcohols?

Answer 18

-OH (hydroxyl group).

Question 19

What reactions do alcohols undergo?

Answer 19

Combustion and oxidation.

Question 20

What functional group distinguishes ethanoic acid?

Answer 20

CO (carboxyl group).

Question 21

What is polymerization?

Answer 21

A reaction where monomers join to form a polymer.

Question 22

What is condensation polymerization?

Answer 22

A reaction where monomers with functional groups form polymers and release small molecules like water.

Question 23

What are biodegradable plastics?

Answer 23

Plastics made from renewable resources that break down naturally.

Question 24

What methods are used in chemical analysis?

Answer 24

Purity tests, chromatography, gas identification, and flame emission spectroscopy.

Question 25

What are the flame test colors for metal ions?

Answer 25

Lithium (red), Sodium (yellow), Potassium (lilac), Calcium (orange-red), Copper (green).

Question 26

What are the common gas tests?

Answer 26

Hydrogen (squeaky pop), Oxygen (relights glowing splint), Carbon dioxide (limewater cloudy), Chlorine (bleaches litmus paper).

Question 27

What is chromatography used for?

Answer 27

Separating mixtures based on solubility; Rf value = Distance moved by substance ÷ Distance moved by solvent.

Question 28

How has atmospheric composition evolved?

Answer 28

Biological processes and human activity have increased CO2 levels since the Industrial Revolution.

Question 29

What are the main greenhouse gases?

Answer 29

Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Water vapor (H2O).

Question 30

What are the effects of climate change?

Answer 30

Rising sea levels, extreme weather, and habitat loss.

Question 31

What is a carbon footprint?

Answer 31

The total amount of CO2 emitted by an individual, product, or activity.

Question 32

How can we reduce carbon footprints?

Answer 32

Using renewable energy, carbon capture, reducing fossil fuel use.

Question 33

What are finite vs. renewable resources?

Answer 33

Finite: Fossil fuels & metal ores; Renewable: Timber, fresh water.

Question 34

What are the stages of water treatment?

Answer 34

Filtration → Sedimentation → Chlorination.

Question 35

What are desalination methods?

Answer 35

Reverse osmosis and distillation (used in seawater purification).

Question 36

Why is recycling important?

Answer 36

It minimizes environmental impact by reducing waste and energy consumption.

Question 37

Why can glass and metal be recycled indefinitely?

Answer 37

They do not degrade like plastics, but recycling requires energy.

Question 38

What are composites?

Answer 38

Materials made from two substances, e.g., Fiberglass, Carbon fiber, Concrete, Wood.

Question 39

What are the different types of glass?

Answer 39

Soda-lime glass (cheap, breaks easily) & Borosilicate glass (heat-resistant).

Question 40

What is corrosion?

Answer 40

The process where metals react with oxygen and water, e.g., rusting in iron.

Question 41

How does galvanizing prevent rusting?

Answer 41

By using sacrificial metals like zinc to protect iron.

Question 42

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

Answer 42

They disrupt atomic layers, preventing easy sliding of atoms.

Question 43

What are some common alloys and their uses?

Answer 43

Brass (copper + zinc) for instruments, Bronze (copper + tin) for statues, Steel (iron + carbon) for construction.

Question 44

What is the Haber process used for?

Answer 44

Synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen for fertilizers.

Question 45

What are the conditions for the Haber process?

Answer 45

450°C, 200 atm pressure, iron catalyst.

Question 46

Why are these conditions used in the Haber process?

Answer 46

Compromise temperature for yield/speed, high pressure increases yield but is expensive.

Question 47

How are ammonium salts produced?

Answer 47

By converting ammonia into ammonium compounds.

Question 48

Where do potassium and phosphate sources come from?

Answer 48

They are mined for use in fertilizers.

Question 49

What are NPK fertilizers?

Answer 49

Fertilizers containing Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) for plant growth.