Paper 1 Flashcards
(49 cards)
What part of the heart recives oxygenated blood from the heart
Left atrium
What part of the heart pumps deoxygenate blood into the lungs
Right ventricle
Where is the pacemaker fiund in the heart
Right atrium
What are the effects of a partially blocked coronary artery
reduced blood flow to heart so less oxygen so less glucose
so less aerobic respiration so less energy released
less muscle contractions so less blood flow around body so less co2 removed from body resulting in breathlessness and tirdness and lactic acid can cause muscle fatigue
What are different treatments for a blockage of the coronary artery
insert a stent to open the coronary artery
prescribe statins to reduce blood cholesterol
How does a vaccination of salmonella prevent infection to humans
animals wbcs produce antibodies which are specific to antigens
antibodies bind to salmonella
if infected again antibodies produced quicker and in larger amounts
so wbcs would kill it so fewer bacteria in animals
so it would not reach a high enough level for infefction to happen in humans so few toxins in humans
what are aseptic techniques to use in agar jelly
tilt lid when placing discs on agar to minimise contact with air
secure lid of petri dish with adhesive tape
pass inoculating loop through a flame before use
how are monoclonal antibodies created from hybridoma
cell is cloned and many identical cells are produced and all the cells make the same antibody and the antibody is collected and purified
difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
eukaryotic have mitochondria
have enclosed genetic material in a nucleus
dont have plasmids
dont have a single loop of dna
what are aspects of sexual reproduction
occurs by meiosis
producs genetic variant
involves fertilisation
more energy required
slower
what is accomodation
The eye’s lens changes shape to help it focus on both near and far away objects.
how does your lens change when focusing on a near object
To focus on a near object, the ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligaments loosen.
This makes the lens thicker, so light rays are refracted more strongly.
how does your lens change when focusing on a far object
To focus on a far object, the ciliary muscles loosen and the suspensory ligaments contract
This makes the lens thiinner, so light rays are refracted less strongly.
whats the pathway of deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood from the body is carried to the heart in the vena cava.
It goes into the right atrium, through the valve and into the right ventricle.
The ventricle pumps the blood through the valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs
whats the pathway of oxygenated blood
Once oxygenated, the blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
then the left ventricle,
and finally the aorta, by which oxygenated blood is sent out to the rest of the body.
whats the overall pathway of blood when it enters the heart
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulnary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
body
Active transport
The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) with the use of energy from respiration.
Amylase
An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars.
Benign tumour
An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and
does not invade other areas of the body.
Lipase
An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol.
Malignant tumour
A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood.
Meristem tissue
Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells.
Palisade mesophyll
A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised to carry out photosynthesis.
Phloem
A transport tissue found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars from roots to shoots
