Paper 2 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
what male gamete is formed in flowering plants
A
pollen
2
Q
what are abiotic factors that can affect size of earthworms
A
oxygen levels
minerals/ions
temperature
pH of soil
water
3
Q
what are biotic factors that can affect size of earthworms
A
diseases
food
predators
4
Q
what effect does a high concentration of insulin have on their blood glucose concentration
A
Lowers blood glucose concentration as insulin converts glucose into glycogen by cells/liver/muscles
5
Q
how can somebody reduce risk of developing type 2 diabetes
A
more exercise
controlled diet of carbvohydrates and fats
6
Q
what are harmful substances that can cause water pollution
A
herbicide
fungicide
sewage
fertliliser
toxic chemicals
7
Q
what substances can pollute air which can be harmful to organisms and humans
A
carbon dioxide
sulfur dioxide
carbon monoxide
particulates/soot
8
Q
what substances can pollute water which can be harmful to organisms and humans and why
A
sewage as introduces more bacteria which multiply which use oxygen to respire which reduce oxygen levels in water so animals cannot respire
and pathogens in the water
fertliser cause algae to multiply
this blocks light from reaching plants so they cannot photosyntheise
a lack of oxygen for respiration so fish die
9
Q
why is carbon monoxide bad for humans
A
its toxic and bind to haemoglobin so less oxygen is carried in bloodstream
10
Q
why is particulates/soot bad for organism
A
covers sunlight so less photosynthesis so less glucose is made
11
Q
what name is given to all the organsisms living in the same habitat
A
a community
12
Q
what is the term given to the adjustment of focus from distant to near things
A
accomodation
13
Q
what happens to the shape of a lens when focusing on a near object
A
becomes more convex / thicker
14
Q
what happens to the shape of a lens when focusing on a far object
A
becomes more concave /thinner
15
Q
how do muscles in someones iris help them see clearly from moving from a dim to ligly lit area
A
muscles in the iris contract which reduces the size of the pupil
which reduces amount of light entering the eye and reaching the retina
16
Q
what are the advantages of growing plants which are gentically different
A
they arenot all susceptible to the same deisease
17
Q
what are the advantages of growing plants which are gentically identical
A
grow at the same rate
can harvest at the same time
18
Q
what is tissue culture
A
a group of cells are grown into a new organism
19
Q
how does production of thyroxine cause an increase in bpdy temperature
A
thyroxine increases metabolic rate
respiration releases energy
20
Q
why may sicientists plot results as percentages
A
more easilt comparable
21
Q
why do a lack of FSH causes underdevloping breats
A
lack of FSH causes a lack of oestrogen production
breast development is dependant on oestrogen
22
Q
whats the function of the cerbral cortex
A
responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain
23
Q
whats the function of the cerebellum
A
primarily responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement. It also plays a role in other cognitive functions such as language processing and memory.
24
Q
whats the function of the medulla
A
involved in unconscious control. The medulla controls the things which are not under conscious control, like heart rate and breathing rate.
25
whats the function of the pituitary gland
to produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions
26
whats the function of the hypothalmus
nvolved in homeostasis. It helps maintain body temperature and produces hormones that control the pituitary gland
27
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Its released by the pituitary galnd and targets the kidneys which increases the reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.
So when blood is low concentrated, ADH is released to absorb more water
28
whats deamination
A process occurring in the liver that removes the amino group from an amino acid to produce ammonia.
29
whats dialysis
A method of treating kidney failure or disease where the blood is artificially filtered to remove waste and toxins.
30
whats ethene
A type of plant hormone which controls cell division and the ripening of fruits.
31
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
A female reproductive hormone thats released from the pituiyary gland that targets the ovaries
that causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary.
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
highest during 1/3 way through or 12th day of the cycle
32
whats gibberellins
A type of plant hormone which initiates seed germination.
33
whats glucagon
glucose gone
A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.
34
whats homeostasis
The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes
35
Hyperopia
A defect of the eye where nearby objects appear out of focus (also called long sightedness).
36
Luteinising hormone (LH)
A female reproductive hormone that released from the pituitary gland which targets the ovaries
which stimulates the release of an egg.
LH increases half way throught the cycle
37
Myopia
A defect of the eye where distant objects appear out of focus (also called short sightedness).
38
Oestrogen
The main female reproductive hormone released from the ovary which causes the uterus lining to grow and repair.
Inhibits the release of FSH
stimulates the rlease of LH
Rises at the start of the cycle
39
Selective reabsorption
Reabsorbing certain useful molecules (like glucose, some ions and water) back into the blood after they have been filtered out.
40
Thermoregulatory centre
An area of the hypothalamus in the brain which contains blood
temperature receptors and regulates body temperature.
41
Thyroxine
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases the metabolic rate in the body.
Is a negative feedback
42
Type 1 diabetes
A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin which is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.
43
Type 2 diabetes
A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.
44
whats insulin
A hormone released by the pancreas and targets the liver which takes glucose and converts it into glycogen stores
45
Adrenaline
A hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress which increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of blood to the brain and muscles as a part of the ‘fight or flight’ response.
46
whats the pathway of an action which is concious and voluntary
1.receptor cells convert a stimulus to an electrical impulse
2.The electrical impulses is the carried by the sensory neurone to the CNS
3.Impulse us passed along to a relay neurone
4.Finally a motor neurone which is then passed to the effector where the response takes place
47
Allele
a version of gene
48
Adult cell cloning
A type of cloning that forms an embryo from an adult body cell.
49
Archaea
Primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments.
50
what did Charles Darwin do
The scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
51
Cuttings
The simplest method of cloning plants. A branch is cut from a parent plant and replanted in compost after removing the lower leaves.
52
Cystic fibrosis
A cellular membrane disorder resulting from the presence of a recessive allele.
53
Gametes
Sex cells (sperm and egg cells) with half the usual number of chromosomes.
54
Genetic engineering
The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism, enabling the formation of organisms with beneficial characteristics.
54
Embryo transplants
The simplest method of animal cloning. Cells are removed from a developing embryo, split apart and grown in culture, before being transplanted into host mothers.
55
Embryo screening
A procedure used to determine the presence of faulty genes in an embryo produced by IVF. A few embryonic cells are removed and screened for defective alleles.
56
Genome
The complete genetic material of an organism.
57
Genotype
An organism’s genetic composition. Describes all alleles.
58
Linnaean system
The classification of organisms into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, as developed by Carl Linnaeus.
59
MRSA
A type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin.
60
Mutation
A random change in DNA which may result in genetic variants.
61
Non-coding DNA
DNA which does not code for a protein but instead controls gene expression.
62
Nucleotide
The monomers of DNA consisting of a common sugar, a phosphate group and one of four chemical bases (A, T, C, G) attached to the sugar.
63
Phenotype
An organism’s observable characteristics. Due to interactions of the genotype and the environment.
64
Polydactyly
A condition where an individual is born with extra fingers or toes due to the presence of a dominant allele.
65
Sex chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes responsible for the determination of gender. XY in males. XX in females.
66
Speciation
The formation of new species in the course of evolution, often due to the evolution of two isolated populations.
67
Three-domain system
A method of classification in which organisms are categorised into three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota. Developed by Carl Woese.
68
Tissue culture
A method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce clone plants.
69
Abiotic factors
The non-living aspects of an ecosystem e.g. temperature, light intensity, moisture, wind direction, wind intensity, soil pH, soil mineral content, carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels.
70
Biogas
A type of biofuel (methane gas) produced by anaerobic decay in biogas generators.
71
Biotic factors
The living components of an ecosystem e.g. food availability, pathogens, predators and other species.
72
Carbon cycle
The cycle through which carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) moves between living organisms and the environment, involving respiration, photosynthesis and combustion.
73
Community
All of the populations of different species living together in a habitat.
74
Compost
Dead and decaying organic matter, commonly used as a fertiliser.
75
Decomposers
Organisms that release enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of dead
plant and animal material into simpler organic matter.
76
Decomposition
The breakdown of dead materials into simpler organic matter. The rate of decomposition is affected by temperature, water and oxygen availability.
77
Distribution
The spread of living organisms in an ecosystem. It is affected by environmental changes which may be seasonal, geographic or man-made.
78
Extremophiles
Organisms that can live in extreme environments e.g. high temperatures, high salinity.
79
Peatlands
Areas of peat soil in wetland habitats formed by the accumulation of partially
decayed organic matter. Peat is commonly used as a garden compost.
80
Mycoprotein
A food high in protein (suitable for vegetarians) that is produced by the
microorganism, Fusarium, in fermentation vats.
81
Water cycle
The cycle through which water moves between living organisms and the
environment, involving evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation.
82
what are structural adaptations
shape or colour of a part of an organism
83
what are behavioural adaptations
the way an organisam behaves
e.g playing dead to avoid predators
84
what are functional adaptations
involved in processes like reproduction or metabolism
e.g conservation of water through little sweat
85
what do the four dna organic bases stand for
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
86
what do the organic bases specifically connect to
Adenine only connects to Thymine
Guanine only connects to Cytosine
87
What is and the process of protein synthesis
1.Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins using the genetic code in DNA.
1.It begins with transcription in the nucleus, where the DNA code for a specific gene is copied into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).
2.The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
3.At the ribosome, translation occurs: the ribosome reads the mRNA in triplets of bases (codons), and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the correct amino acids.
4.These amino acids are joined together in the correct order to form a protein.
5.When the chain is complete, the protein folds to form a unique 3D structure
88
zygote
a fertilised egg cell formed when a male gamete (sperm) fuses with a female gamete (egg) during fertilisation. It contains a full set of chromosomes (diploid) — half from each parent.
89
arguements for embryonic screening
reduces the number of people suffering(ethical)
treating disorders is very expensive(econimcal)
90
arguements against embryonic screening
it is expensive to carry out screening(economical)
procedure can lead to miscarriage(social)
could lead to people picking the characteristics of their child(designer baby)(ethical)
91
Genetic modified
Genetic modification is the process of changing the genetic material of an organism.
92
whats the process of genetic engineering
First, restriction enzymes are used to isolate the gene responsible for a specific characteristic, (such as insulin production.)
This gene is then inserted into a vector, which is usually a bacterial plasmid (a small circular piece of DNA from bacteria) or a virus.
The vector carries the gene into the target cells of the organism.
At this stage, the enzyme DNA ligase is used to join the desired gene to the vector’s DNA
Once inside, the genetically modified cells begin to replicate, and the organism develops with the new characteristic.
93
whats the process of tissue culture
the plant cells are taken
they are grown in a growth medium with nutrience and hormones
thye are grown into plants which are clones as they are gentically identical to their parent
94
whats the process of adult cell cloning
Adult cell cloning is a process used to create a genetically identical copy of an adult organism. First, the nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell.
Then, the nucleus from an adult body cell is inserted into the denucleated egg cell.
The egg cell is then given an electric shock, which stimulates it to divide and form an embryo.
When the embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother.
The result is a clone of the original adult from which the body cell was taken, as it contains identical genetic material
95
what are the benefits and risks of adult cell cloning
produces a lot of offspring with desirable charctertsics
can help endangered species repopulate
gene pool is reduced due to the clones with identical genetic infomation
clones have a low survival rate and some have genetic problems
96
what was the theory of evolution
there is existing variation in genes due to mutations in DNA
organisms with the most suitable characterstics to suit the enviornment survive, reproduce and breed successfully
the favourable allele is passed down to their offspring
over many generations, the advantageous charcterstics result in an increase in population
97
what was jean bapiste lamarck's theory on evolution
changes that occured during the life time of an organism is passed to offspring
if an individual constantly repeats an action, the charactertsic which allow it to do this would develop
98
what did alfred russell wallace come up with
the theory of speciation and therefore the theory of natural selection
99
what was the theory of speciation
It begins with isolation, often due to geographical barriers which separate a population into two groups.
Each isolated population contains genetic variation due to mutations and sexual reproduction.
Because the environments may differ, natural selection acts differently on each group. Individuals with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits.
Over a long period of time, the populations become so genetically different that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
So they are different species
100
retina
The retina is a light-sensitive layer located at the back of the eye.
Its main role is to detect light and convert it into electrical impulses.
The retina contains two types of receptor cells: rods, which detect light intensity (black and white vision), and cones, which detect colour.
101
sclera
white, tough outer layer of the eye.
act as a tough protective coat, preventing damage to the delicate inner structures
102
cornea
transparent, curved front surface of the eye, covering the iris and pupil.
refract (bend) light as it enters the eye, helping to focus it onto the retina.
103
what muscles are used to reduce and allow more light into the eye
radial muscle and circular muscle
104
what occurs in your eye when there is a change to bright light
the circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax to make the pupil smaller to avoid damage
105
what occurs in your eye when there is a change to dimmer light
the circular muscles relax and the radial muscles contract to make the pupil bigger to provide a clearer image
106
progesterone
produced in the ovaries and secreted from the egg follicle
maintains the lining of the uterus
inhibits both FSH and LH
107
what does the contraceptive pill contain
oestrogen and progesterone
108
IVF
in vitro fertalisation
the mother is given FSH and LH to promote the release of progesterone and oestrogen and the maturation of the egg
these are extracted from the mother and fertilised with sperm in the lab
the fertilised eggs develop into embryos which 1 or 2 is placed in the mother to further develop
109
what occurs when thyroxine levels are high
detected by receptors in the rbain
This inbits the release of TSH
This ihibits the release of thyroxine so levels drop
110
what is a synapse and what occurs when electric impulses reach it
A synapse is the gap between two neurons. (1)
When an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. (1)
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron, triggering a new electrical impulse. (1)
111
what is the process of the water cycle
First, evaporation occurs when the sun heats up water in oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning it into water vapour.
This vapour rises and condenses in the cool atmosphere to form clouds.
When the water droplets in clouds become heavy, they fall as precipitation (rain, snow, etc.).
Water then either infiltrates the soil or runs off into water bodies, completing the cycle.
Plants also contribute through transpiration, where water is lost from leaves to the atmosphere.
112
what 2 organisms are involved in decay
fungi and bacteria
