Paper 1 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What are the 6 functions of the Skelton
A
Support
Protection
Movement
Structure
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
2
Q
What’s a ligament
A
Joins bone to bone
3
Q
What’s tendon
A
Attaches muscle to bone
4
Q
What are bursae
A
Fluid filled bags that helps reduce friction at a joint
5
Q
What are cartilage
A
Cover ends of bones proving smooth, friction free surface
6
Q
What’s synovial fluid
A
Produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the bone
7
Q
What’s capsule
A
Tough fibrous tissue surround synovial joint usually supported by ligament
8
Q
What’s a joint
A
Where 2 or more bones attached for the purpose of motion of body parts
9
Q
What’s rotation
A
Turning a limb along its axis
10
Q
What lever always has a mechanical advantge
A
second class lever
11
Q
Plane
A
Plane - Line showing the direction of movement
12
Q
Axis
A
Axis - Line through the body around which it rotates
13
Q
Sagital plane
A
Sagital - forwards and backwards, often involving flexion and extension
14
Q
Transverse plane
A
Transverse - rotation around the longitudinal axis, involving rotation
15
Q
Frontal plane
A
Frontal - left or right, often involving adduction and abduction
16
Q
Transverse axis
A
Transverse - through the hips from side to side, involving extension and flexion
17
Q
Longitudinal axis
A
Longitudinal - from head to toe, which includes rotation
18
Q
Sagital axis
A
Sagital - through the belly button, which involves adduction and abduction.
19
Q
Cartwheel
A
Frontal plane and Sagital axis
20
Q
360 degree twist, such as an ice skater or discus thrower
A
Transverse plane and Longitudinal axis
21
Q
a forward roll, somersault and running
A
Sagital plane and Transverse axis
22
Q
acronym for the planes and axis
A
FAST LAST
23
Q
inspiratory reserve volume
A
‘the maximum amount of air that can be taken into the lungs above that taken during in a normal breath’
24
Q
residual volume
A
the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath. This air helps to keep the lungs partially inflated to protect the microscopic structures from being damaged.
25
stroke volume
is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with every beat.
26
tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath.
27
static strength
the ability to hold a body part (limb) in a static position.
Muscle length stays the same/maximum force that can be applied to an immovable object the
28
Explain how Ibrahim’s skeletal and muscular system work together to bring about
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons (1)
* When muscles contract they pull on the bones to create movement (1)
* Muscles work in (antagonistic) pairs (1)
* When one muscle in the pair is contracting (agonist) the other is relaxing (antagonist)
29
what is cardiac output and the equation for it
the amount of blood pumped from the heart every minute and can be calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV).
30
whats the aerobic zone of training
60%-80% of maximal heart rate
31
whats the anaerobic training zone
80–90% of maximum heart rate
32
Outline the role of the antagonist.
It relaxes (1)
* It allows the agonist to contract (1)
33
Explain how air pressure changes occur in the chest cavity allowing exhalation to
take place.
.The diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape (1)
* The intercostal muscles relax moving the rib cage down and back (1)
* The chest cavity decreases in volume (1)
* The pressure in the chest cavity increases (1)
* Pressure gradient (molecules move from high to low pressure) exists and air is pushed out (1)
34
inhalation
is the intake of air into the lungs
35
Define inhalation and describe how it takes place at rest.
Refer to the intercostal muscles, rib cage and diaphragm in your answer.
Inhalation (inspiration) is the intake of air into the lungs (1)
AO2 (sub-max 3 marks)
* Diaphragm contracts and flattens (moves downwards) (1)
* Intercostal muscles contract (1)
* Rib cage moves up and out or chest cavity becomes larger (1) * Reducing the pressure inside the lungs (so air is drawn in) (1) * Molecules (of air) move from high pressure to low pressure (1)
36
Explain how Michael would apply the FITT principle to bring about an improvement in his fitness levels.
Frequency – Michael could increase the number of training sessions eg from two to three times per week (1)
* Intensity – Michael could increase the intensity of his training eg by training with a heavier weight, running faster or equivalent (1)
* Time – Michael could increase the time he trains eg from 20 to 30 minutes (1)
* Type – Michael could change the type of training from one training type to another eg from continuous
to interval training (1)
37
Explain four reasons why Michael should warm up before taking part in a training session
* It raises body temperature to increase elasticity of muscles to help prevent pulled, strained or torn muscles (1)
* Muscle efficiency is increased and a more intense muscle contraction can be achieved which will improve his performance (1)
* It increases blood flow to his working muscles, allowing more oxygen to be distributed helping with the production of energy (1)
* A gradual increase in his heart rate allowing increased oxygen intake to enable the muscles to work efficiently reducing fatigue (1)
* It stimulates his central nervous system to improve coordination, reaction time and quicker movements (1)
38
define circumduction
Turning or circular motion around a joint (which occurs in more than one plane)
39
give examples of circumduction
* Performing a serve in tennis (1)
* Bowling a cricket ball (1)
* Backstroke swimming (1)
40
Circuit training
Usually involves various exercises that are repeated at different stations in a circuit
Content of the exercises can be altered to suit training for different sports and fitness levels
41
Continuous training
Sustained exercise at a constant rate (steady state) without rests
Involves using heart rate as a guide to the intensity of the exercise
E.g. running, swimming, rowing, cycling
42
Fartlek training
Uses varying speeds and terrain (hills, flat, trails)
Usually involves running at different speeds - walk, jog, sprint
43
Interval training / high-intensity interval training (HIIT)
Periods of exercising at high intensity, interspersed with periods of rest or low intensity exercise
44
Weight training
Involves lifting a weight - body weight, free weights or resistance machines
45
Plyometric training
Use of plyometric exercises, e.g. bounding and depth jumping
Use of body weight and gravity to work muscles (see below)
Used to increase power
46
Circuit training +
Difficulty levels can be tailored to the participants and their needs/age/fitness levels
The circuit can be altered to train different components e.g. strength, power, speed, stamina
It is easy to monitor and change by altering the work : rest ratio
47
Circuit training-
Requires a large space to set up a range of workout stations
Specialist equipment may be required
Difficult to know the work: rest ratios of participants (at the start particularly)
48
Continuous training +
Aerobic fitness is improved, which can improve other body systems such as cardiovascular health
It can be done with little or no equipment (such as running) so is cheap to participate in
It is simple to carry out (once the exercise has been mastered)
49
Continuous training-
It can become repetitive and therefore participants may get bored
Injuries are more common due to the repetitive motion and movement of joints and muscles
Continuous training involves at least 20 minutes of exercise for several times a week so there are time constraints involved
This training does not suit all sporting types, e.g. in netball, players do not run at one speed the whole match
50
Fartlek training +
More varied than continuous training
This can be adapted to suit the individual needs and fitness of a performer
51
Fartlek training -
Intensity changes mean that the participant must be highly motivated for high intensity intervals
It is hard to assess whether participants are performing at the correct intensity
52
Interval training +
Quick and easy to set up and can be done anywhere
No need for specialist equipment
Burns body fat and calories
Both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems can be worked
53
Interval training -
High motivation is needed for high intensity interval training (HIIT)
Injury can occur if rest intervals are not properly timed and adhered to
54
Weight training +
Easily adapted to specific training needs and fitness
Variety of weight training methods (free weights, resistance machines) prevents boredom in training
No need for specialist equipment, lifting of the body weight is a form of weight training
Strength and power are improved
55
Weight training -
Can require specialist equipment and gym membership if resistance machines are required
Injury can occur if correct techniques are not used or too heavy weights are trained with
Often an additional person is needed as a spotter
56
Plyometric training+
Increases power of movement
Targets specific muscle groups
No equipment is necessary
57
Plyometric training-
Injury can occur due to high impact and stress put on muscles and joints
58
differences between basic and complexed skill
basic skills are typically for beginners
few decisions are needed
Walking
Running
Throwing and catching
59
what are opened skills
Open skills are affected by the environment, meaning that the way a skill is carried out may need to be adjusted to take environmental factors into account
60
what are closed skills
Closed skills are not affected by the environment, meaning that a skill carried out in a particular way will meet with the same level of success every time
61
whats a self paced skill
The timing and pace of a self-paced skill is determined entirely by the performer
62
whats an externally paced skill
The timing and pace of an externally-paced skill is affected by external factors, such as the receipt of a pass from a teammate or opponent
63
what are gross skills
A gross skill does not require precision and involves large groups of muscles in the body
64
what are fine skills
A fine skill requires a high level of precision and uses small muscle groups
65
whats a balanced diet ratios
55–60% carbohydrate
25–30% fat
15–20% protein
66
what are functions of carbohydrates
Provide glucose for respiration, which releases energy in the body for all types of exercise of all intensities
Large carbohydrates like starch break down slower than sugars and so release their energy over a longer period of time
67
what are the functions of fats
Also acts as an energy source but is only used when there are not enough carbohydrates available to meet the demand for energy
It provides more energy than carbohydrates at low-intensity exercise
68
what are the functions of minerals and vitamins
Needed for aiding in the functioning of body systems and the overall health of the body
69
ped+ to peformer
Increased chances of success in a chosen sport, allowing a performer to maintain an income and keep sponsorship deals
Elite and professional athletes may have increased chances of fame and wealth
Performers may feel that many opponents are also using PEDs, so see it as a way to level the playing field
70
ped- to performer
There are many associated health risks and side effects
Taking prohibited substances is cheating and is seen as immoral
There are negative consequences to reputation, resulting in performers being dropped by sponsors
Performers can be fined or even banned from their sport
71
ped- to sport
A sport as a whole can be affected when performers frequently test positive for PEDs
A loss of reputation and credibility can occur as spectators and fans doubt that achievements are due to skill and ability alone
Loss of spectators can result in sports losing income from sponsorship and the media
There may be long-term effects with fewer participants entering the sport due to the loss of reputation
72
what do stimulants do
improve alertness for contact sports
73
Narcotic analgesics
Reduces pain that may result from injury or over training
Sports with high incidence of injury such as rugby and basketball
74
Anabolic agents
Improves muscle mass
75
Diuretics
Weight loss
76
Peptide hormones
Increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Endurance sports such as cycling, swimming and running
77
Blood doping
Increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Endurance sports such as cycling, swimming and running
78
Beta blockers
Improves fine motor control and precision
Target sports such as archery, snooker, and shooting
79
agility
ability to change directions quickly and effectively while maintaining control and balance
80
balance
ability to maintain centre of mass ove a base of support
81
cardiovascular endurance
ability for your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to your body tissues during sustained physical activities
82
coordination
ability to integrate multiple movements patterns efficiently ability to use 2 or more body parts in unison effectively
83
flexibility
range of movement around a join
84
muscular endurance
ability for your muscles to undergo multiple repeated contractions without fatigue
85
power/explosive strength
power= speed x strength
86
reaction time
time taken to react to a stimuli
87
maximal strength
highest level of force that can be exerted in one contraction
88
dynamic strength
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
89
first class lever
First class lever – the fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load. This type of lever is found in the neck when raising your head to head a football.
90
In a second-class lever system in the human body, the load is positioned in between the fulcrum and the effort. This type of lever is commonly found in the ankle, where it helps in movements like plantar flexion
