Paper 2

Question 1

How much fat should a balanced diet contain?

Answer 1

25-30%

Question 2

Define mental health.

Answer 2

A state of well-being in which every individual realises their own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to their community

Question 3

Define physical health

Answer 3

A state of complete physical well-being where all body systems are working well, the individual is free from illness and injury, and able to carry out everyday tasks.

Question 4

Define social health

Answer 4

The ability to form and maintain good relationships with others.

Question 5

State two positive effects that being physically active can have on mental health.

Answer 5

 Increase in confidence / self-esteem (1)
 Reduces stress / tension / depression (1)
 Release of (serotonin) feel good hormones / makes an individual feel happy (1)
 Able to control emotions / anger (1)

Question 6

State two negative effects that obesity could have on an individual’s mental health.

Answer 6

 Depression (1)
 Loss of confidence / self-conscious (1)
 Anxiety / stress (1)

Question 7

State two negative effects that obesity could have on an individual’s social health.

Answer 7

 Inability to leave home (as they are ashamed of their body) (1)
 Inability to socialise or make friends (1)

Question 8

Define an open skill.

Answer 8

A skill which is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment (1)

Question 9

Outline the difference between self-paced and externally paced skills. Use sporting examples in your answer.

Answer 9

Self-paced – started when the performer decides to start it / the speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by the performer (1)
Externally paced – started because of an external factor / the speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by external factors (1)
Self-paced – javelin throw / conversion in rugby / marathon running (1)
 Externally paced – sprint start / when you respond to your opponents movement whilst marking (1)

Question 10

Give an example of a complex skill. Justify your choice.

Answer 10

Performing a high jump(1)
 Requires coordinated running in an accurate bend (1)
 Correctly timed jump in relation to the bar/bed (1)
 Effective body position to clear the bar (1)
Maximum 4 marks
[4 marks]

Question 11

Explain why the golf coach would use the following types of guidance to improve Milo’s performance:
 visual
 manual.

Answer 11

Visual (sub-max 2 marks)
 Quick and concise so good for beginners such as Milo (1)  Provides a picture of the skill for Milo to copy (1)
Manual (sub-max 2 marks)
 The coach physically guides Milo through the correct action so he is aware of the correct technique (1)  Milo starts to understand how the movement should feel (1)

Question 12

Describe the process of blood doping?

Answer 12

 Removal of blood from an athlete several weeks before a competition and is frozen (1)
 The body makes more blood (red blood cells) to replace the amount taken out (1)
 1-2 days before the competition the frozen blood is thawed and injected back into the athlete (1)

Question 13

Explain how blood doping could improve the performance of a marathon runner.

Answer 13

 The marathon runner’s blood has more red blood cells (1)
 This results in an increased aerobic capacity / a greater oxygen carrying capacity in the body (1)  Allowsthemarathonrunnertorunfasterforlongerbeforefatiguesetsin(1)

Question 14

State three negative side effects that an athlete may suffer as a result of blood
doping.

Answer 14

 Thickening of blood (increased viscosity) (1)
 Potential for heart attacks / heart disease (1)
 Potential risk of blood-borne diseases such as HIV and hepatitis (1)  A blockage of the blood vessel (embolism or stroke) (1)
[3 marks]

Question 15

Describe two other factors that affect calorie intake.

Answer 15

Age(1)
 When you get old your body replaces muscle with fat and fat burns fewer calories (1)

Height (1)
 You need to consume more calories the taller you are (1)
 Taller people have larger skeletons (1)

Energy expenditure (1)
 The more exercise you do the more calories you will need (1)  As you need more energy to carry out the exercise (1)

Question 16

Define dehydration.

Answer 16

Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body (1)

Question 17

Explain two negative effects dehydration may have on the performance of a sports
performer.

Answer 17

 The heart may have to work harder to supply oxygen to the muscles when exercising (1)  Could result in slower performance or not being able to perform for as long (1)

 Less oxygen supplied to the muscles and it is harder to remove waste products (1)  Slows recovery so harder to continue for longer periods of time (1)

 Could cause cramps (1)
 Reduce the range of movement and may be unable to carry on (1)

Question 18

strategies that are being used to combat hooliganism at
football matches.

Answer 18

 Travel restrictions / banning orders  Alcohol restrictions
 All seater stadia
 Segregation of fans
 Earlykick-offs
 Improved security
 Education/promotional activity / campaigns and high profile endorsements
 Sharing of intelligence between different police forces and different police forces in different countries

Question 19

direct aggression is typically defined as:

Answer 19

when a person deliberately tries to physically harm or intimidate an opponent during a game or match, with the intent to cause injury or disrupt their performance.

Question 20

indirect aggression is usually defined as:

Answer 20

when a person uses aggressive behavior to gain an advantage, but not by directly harming or attacking another player.
Instead, it’s about actions that negatively affect opponents or the game without physical contact.

Question 21

how much protein is needed in a balanced diet

Answer 21

15-20%

Question 22

how much carbohydrates is needed in a balanced diet

Answer 22

55-60%

Question 23

‘a convention or unwritten rule in an activity’

Answer 23

Etiquette

Question 24

define skill

Answer 24

A learned action/learned behaviour (with the intention of bringing about pre-determined results, with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy)

Question 25

define ability

Answer 25

Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill

Question 26

define arousal

Answer 26

A physical and mental state of alertness/readiness (varying from deep sleep to intense excitement/alertness)

Question 27

Describe the relationship between arousal level and performance level in the inverted-U theory.

Answer 27

* When under aroused, performance level is low (1) * As arousal increases so does performance up to the optimal level (1) * If arousal increases further, over arousal causes performance levels to decrease (1)

Question 28

Define intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

Answer 28

* Intrinsic – the drive that comes from within (1) * Extrinsic – the drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards (1)

Question 29

Evaluate the effectiveness of extrinsic motivation for a beginner in sport. [4 marks]

Answer 29

* Extrinsic rewards may result in pride or self-satisfaction which encourage the beginner to try harder to improve (1) * Performers can become reliant on extrinsic motivation and if it is not given then the beginner may reduce effort levels or give up completely (1) * Intrinsic motivation is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation as the beginner may be making a lot of errors and strives to improve for personal achievement (1) * Intrinsic is generally deemed more effective for a beginner as it encourages them to play for the love of the game rather than for rewards or praise (1)

Question 30

Outline the difference between direct and indirect aggression. Use sporting examples in your answer.

Answer 30

* Direct – aggressive act which involves physical contact with others (1) * Indirect – aggressive act which is taken out on an object to gain an advantage (1) * Direct – tackle in rugby/punch in boxing/shoulder barge in football (1) * Indirect – hitting the ball hard in tennis/smashing a shuttlecock in badminton (1)

Question 31

State three different types of sponsorship a sportsperson may receive.

Answer 31

* Financial (1) * Clothing/footwear (1) * Equipment (1) * Facilities (1)

Question 32

State three different types of media.

Answer 32

* Television (1) * Radio (1) * The press (1) * Internet (1) * Social media (1)

Question 33

Explain two positive effects the media could have on a sport.

Answer 33

* There is an increased interest in a sport (1) so grass-roots participation increases (1) * More money is available (1) to pay for grass-roots facilities (1) * Increased number of competitions (1) allows more people to go and watch the sport (1) * More role models are created (1) which promotes the sport globally (1)

Question 34

State three reasons why it is important to have a balanced diet.

Answer 34

* So that there is suitable energy available for activity (1) * So the body gets the correct nutrients for growth and hydration (1) * To make sure we don’t eat too much food which could lead to unused energy being stored as fat which could lead to obesity (1) * To make sure that we get the right vitamins and minerals to prevent diseases (such as rickets or scurvy) (1)

Question 35

Explain three negative effects that obesity could have on performance in netball or basketball.

Answer 35

* Limits stamina/cardiovascular endurance – so unable to keep up with play for a whole game (1) * Limits flexibility – so unable to reach for the ball (1) * Limits agility – so unable to change direction to intercept ball (1) * Limits speed – unable to move around the court quickly enough (1) * Limits power – unable to jump high enough to reach for the ball (1)

Question 36

Outline the role of fats in a balanced diet.

Answer 36

* To provide energy (at low intensities) (1) * To help insulate the body (1) * To protect vital organs (1) * To support cell growth (1)

Question 37

Explain why a games player requires carbohydrates in their diet.

Answer 37

* During a game carbohydrates would be the preferred energy source enabling them to perform for the whole game (1) * Carbohydrates provide energy when working at different intensities which is a key component of most games (1)

Question 38

Explain why a games player requires protein in their diet.

Answer 38

* Protein can help develop muscular strength which will allow the player to potentially jump higher/ change direction quicker (1) * After training/competing protein can help repair muscle tissue which means the player will be ready to perform again (1)

Question 39

what are some ped which can improve the performance for a sprinter

Answer 39

* Stimulants – make more alert, speed up parts of the brain and the body and deaden pain * Narcotic analgesics – very strong painkillers which will mask pain * Anabolic agents – increase the rate and amount of muscle growth and speed up recovery * Peptide hormones (EPO) – are naturally occurring substances that can improve muscle growth and increase production of red blood cells * Diuretics – taken to remove excess water from the body * Beta blockers – reduce the effects of adrenaline on the body, heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure

Question 40

what are some reasons which contribute to participation levels

Answer 40

* Attitudes * Role models * Media coverage/commercialisation * Family commitments * Available leisure time * Socio-economic factors/disposable income * Adaptability/inclusiveness * Health and well-being