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psych > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fMRI

A

-measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow -expensive -non invasive - no metal

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2
Q

PET

A

-measures how much of a chemical the brain is using, usually glucose - invasive

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3
Q

Maguire et al

A

-compared MRI scans of taxi drivers and non taxi drivers were compared -drivers must do a two year training course -drivers had larger hippocampi volume compared to non taxi drivers

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4
Q

MRI

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images.

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5
Q

Tierney et al

A

-a man (known as MA) with normal speech functions was participating in a normal speech study -both parents deaf and learned sign language from an early age -using a PET scan it was discovered that he had a lesion in his left frontal lobe -Language function seems to have developed in the right hemisphere instead of the left hemisphere as an adaptation following his early brain damage

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6
Q

nerve

A

building blocks of our nervous system

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

how neurons communicate with each other

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8
Q

neurotransmission

A

neurons sending chemicals across the synaptic gap from the terminal button of the sending neuron to the dendrite of a receiving neuron.

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9
Q

Kasamatzu and Hirai

A

-Buddhist monks went on a 72 hour pilgrimage, did not eat, drink, or speak + exposed to cold weather - blood sample taken before and after journey -sensory deprivation resulted in high serotonin levels

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10
Q

Martinez and Kesner

A

investigate role of ACH on memory formation 3groups of rats: -injected with scopolamine - injected with physostigmine -injected with nothing rats were trained to go through a maze to find food and timed -rats with physostigmine found the food the quickest

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11
Q

ACH

A

neurotransmitter associated with the activation of muscles.

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12
Q

scopolamine

A

blocks ACH receptor proteins on the post synaptic neuron - used in Martinez and Kesner study

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13
Q

physostigmine

A

enhance the effects of ACH -used in Martinez and Kesner

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14
Q

hormones

A

chemicals released by glands that help us maintain homeostasis -part of growth development, circulate the blood stream, and send messages

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15
Q

Avery

A

effects of melatonin 3 participant groups: -stimulated by red light - traditional brightlight -dawn stimulation each group exposed to lighting condition at the same time of day for same amount of time - dawn stimulation showed least depressive symptoms because it was best at fooling the body into making melatonin

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16
Q

Berthold

A

function of testosterone 6 healthy roosters used 3 groups: -no testicles -transplant testicles from different rooster - reimplanted with their own testicles completely castrated roosters were least aggressive -the re attaches testicles did not re-establish nerve connections but they must have produced a biochemical influence

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17
Q

6 main research methods

A

experiments case studies observational studies interviews surveys correlational studies

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18
Q

triangulation

A

data, observer, methodology, and theory

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19
Q

Curtis et al.

A

thousands of participants from over 150 countries - participants asked to rank their level of disgust for 20 images, 7 were pairs where one image was harmful to the immune system and the other was similar but non infectious -disgust decreased with age and women had higher disgust reactions than men

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20
Q

Principals of BLOA

A
  1. there are biological correlates of behavior 2. animal research can provide insight into human behavior 3. Human behavior is, to some extent, genetically based
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21
Q

where is serotonin produced?

A

pineal gland

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22
Q

amygdala

A

associated with emotion

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23
Q

Broca

A

case study - patient (Tan) -unable to produce coherent speech -autopsy shoed that the damage to the “Broca’s area” is responsible for speech production

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24
Q

Money

A

-unethical - biased researcher - identity of participants revealed -eventual suicide of both twins

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25
Q

Schacter and Singer

A

Participants deceived into believing that they were being injected with SUPROXIN instead of ADRENALINE 3 groups: -informed of the correct effects of adrenaline -given no information -given false effects confederate or euphoric behavior emotions measured through observation and self reporting R: Participants given correct information showed minimal changes in emotions because they had a explanation participants given no information had much higher changes in emotion because no explanation

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26
Q

Principles of CLOA

A
  1. Humans are information processors, mental processes guide our behavior. 2. The mind can be studied scientifically. 3. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors.
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27
Q

Brown and Kulik

A

-interviewed 40 black and 40 white people -asked questions about 10 events(mostly assassinations or attempts -blacks were more likely to recall FBM of civil rights leaders -memory is more likely to form around emotional events

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28
Q

6 universal emotions

A

fear, anger, surprise, sadness, happiness, disgust

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29
Q

3 components of emotion

A

-physiological changes - subjective feelings of the emotion -emotional response

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30
Q

Two factor Theory of emotion

A

two factors determine specific emotions: -physiological arousal -emotional interpretation and labelling of the physiological arousal

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31
Q

Speisman et al.

A

influence of appraisal on emotional experiences -participants shown film of aboriginal circumcision 4 Conditions: -trauma-could hear noises of surgury -intellectual- voice over of history -denial- celebratory tone -control (no sound) observations and self report taken R: participants reacted more emotionally to the trauma condition and less to the intellectual and silent condition C: appraisal influences emotion

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32
Q

Lazarus’ theory of appraisal

A

emotion is experienced when we assess our surroundings as to whether it is beneficial or harmful for our well-being

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33
Q

Schemas

A

cognitive structures that organize knowledge stored in our memory.

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34
Q

Bartlett

A

English participants told the native American folk tale - asked to recall the story to another participant who recalled it to another on paper(6 or 7 more times) - story became shorter and more changes through each reproduction -distorted and altered in ways that fit with their culture

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35
Q

Allport and Postman

A

-white and black Americans -serial reproduction -story changes so that black man was the aggressor

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36
Q

Loftus and Palmer

A

questions that participants were asked about a car accident changed their speed estimations - words like “smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted” -more severe sounding words produced higher speed estimations

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37
Q

who proposed Multistore Model of Memory

A

-Atkinson and Shiffron

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38
Q

Multi-store model of memory

A

3 memory stores: sensory, short term, long term

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39
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

how deeply people process information determines how it is stored in memory

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40
Q

who proposed Levels of Processing Theory?

A

Craik and Lockhart

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41
Q

Cialdini (1975)

A

DITF technique County youth counseling program Volunteer once vs volunteering every week for 2 years

42
Q

Cialdini (1974)

A

Low balling Not revealing all information One group told the meeting would be at 7am Other group not told of the time Uninformed group more likely to comply

43
Q

Kashima and Triandis

A

Quiz on Greek, Israeli, and Iranian culture Fixed scores Attribution errors differed by culture

44
Q

Aronson and Steele

A

Articulation vs laboratory test African American participants scored higher when told it was a laboratory test

45
Q

Dimensions of culture (4)

A

Individualism vs collectivism

Masculinity and femininity

Power distance

Uncertainty avoidance

46
Q

Mead

A

Compared masculinity and femininity of different cultures in New Guinea 1. Sensitive and non-aggressive behaviors among men and women 2. Both men and women masculine and dominant 3. Women were more dominant and men were more feminine

47
Q

Who developed social identity theory?

A

Henri Tajfel

48
Q

4 Principles of SCLOA

A
  • 1: Humans are social animals and thus have the need to ‘Belong’
  • 2: Culture influences behavior
  • 3: Humans have a social-self
  • 4: People’s views of the world are resistant to change and developed by the community and culture
49
Q

Asch

A

The group of subject and confederates were asked to select the line on the second card that matched the line on the first card 75% conformed at least once to the wrong answer

50
Q

Bandura

A

children ages 3 to 6 3 groups: -one with models of both genders -models of the same gender -no model

51
Q

Leon festinger

A

dooms day cult

52
Q

Kimball and Zabrack

A

influence of the introduction of television on aggression -children became more aggressive2 years after television was introduced

53
Q

Henri Tajfel

A

separated 14yo boys into two groups based on their preference for two different artists -ingroup preference

54
Q

3 processes of social identity

A
  1. categorization 2. social identification 3. social comparison
55
Q

positive distinctiveness

A

motivation to show that the ingroup is preferable to an outgroup

56
Q

Zimbardo

A

prison experiment -randomly assigned position as prisoner or guard -prisoners became passive and guards became situational rather than dispositional factors explain behaviors

57
Q

Ross

A

fake game show -host ranked as more intelligent

58
Q

Shields

A
  • 44 pairs of MZTs reared apart
  • MZTs reared together = 77% correlation
  • MZTs reared apart = 76% correlation
  • DZTs reared together = 51% correlation
59
Q

fake game show -host ranked as more intelligent

A

Ross

60
Q

The group of subject and confederates were asked to select the line on the second card that matched the line on the first card 75% conformed at least once to the wrong answer

A

Asch

61
Q

children ages 3 to 6 3 groups: -one with models of both genders -models of the same gender -no model

A

Bandura

62
Q

dooms day cult

A

Leon festinger

63
Q

influence of the introduction of television on aggression -children became more aggressive2 years after television was introduced

A

Kimball and Zabrack

64
Q

separated 14yo boys into two groups based on their preference for two different artists -ingroup preference

A

Henri Tajfel

65
Q

prison experiment -randomly assigned position as prisoner or guard -prisoners became passive and guards became situational rather than dispositional factors explain behaviors

A

Zimbardo

65
Q

prison experiment -randomly assigned position as prisoner or guard -prisoners became passive and guards became situational rather than dispositional factors explain behaviors

A

Zimbardo

66
Q

-compared MRI scans of taxi drivers and non taxi drivers were compared -drivers must do a two year training course -drivers had larger hippocampi volume compared to non taxi drivers

A

Maguire et al

67
Q

-a man (known as MA) with normal speech functions was participating in a normal speech study -both parents deaf and learned sign language from an early age -using a PET scan it was discovered that he had a lesion in his left frontal lobe -Language function seems to have developed in the right hemisphere instead of the left hemisphere as an adaptation following his early brain damage

A

Tierney et al

68
Q

-Buddhist monks went on a 72 hour pilgrimage, did not eat, drink, or speak + exposed to cold weather - blood sample taken before and after journey -sensory deprivation resulted in high serotonin levels

A

Kasamatzu and Hirai

69
Q

investigate role of ACH on memory formation 3groups of rats: -injected with scopolamine - injected with physostigmine -injected with nothing rats were trained to go through a maze to find food and timed -rats with physostigmine found the food the quickest

A

Martinez and Kesner

70
Q

blocks ACH receptor proteins on the post synaptic neuron - used in Martinez and Kesner study

A

scopolamine

71
Q

enhance the effects of ACH -used in Martinez and Kesner

A

physostigmine

72
Q

effects of melatonin 3 participant groups: -stimulated by red light - traditional brightlight -dawn stimulation each group exposed to lighting condition at the same time of day for same amount of time - dawn stimulation showed least depressive symptoms because it was best at fooling the body into making melatonin

A

Avery

73
Q

function of testosterone 6 healthy roosters used 3 groups: -no testicles -transplant testicles from different rooster - reimplanted with their own testicles completely castrated roosters were least aggressive -the re attaches testicles did not re-establish nerve connections but they must have produced a biochemical influence

A

Berthold

74
Q

thousands of participants from over 150 countries - participants asked to rank their level of disgust for 20 images, 7 were pairs where one image was harmful to the immune system and the other was similar but non infectious -disgust decreased with age and women had higher disgust reactions than men

A

Curtis et al.

75
Q

case study - patient (Tan) -unable to produce coherent speech -autopsy shoed that the damage to the “Broca’s area” is responsible for speech production

A

Broca

76
Q

-unethical - biased researcher - identity of participants revealed -eventual suicide of both twins

A

Money

77
Q

Participants deceived into believing that they were being injected with SUPROXIN instead of ADRENALINE 3 groups: -informed of the correct effects of adrenaline -given no information -given false effects confederate or euphoric behavior emotions measured through observation and self reporting R: Participants given correct information showed minimal changes in emotions because they had a explanation participants given no information had much higher changes in emotion because no explanation

A

Schacter and Singer

78
Q

-interviewed 40 black and 40 white people -asked questions about 10 events(mostly assassinations or attempts -blacks were more likely to recall FBM of civil rights leaders -memory is more likely to form around emotional events

A

Brown and Kulik

79
Q

influence of appraisal on emotional experiences -participants shown film of aboriginal circumcision 4 Conditions: -trauma-could hear noises of surgury -intellectual- voice over of history -denial- celebratory tone -control (no sound) observations and self report taken R: participants reacted more emotionally to the trauma condition and less to the intellectual and silent condition C: appraisal influences emotion

A

Speisman et al.

80
Q

emotion is experienced when we assess our surroundings as to whether it is beneficial or harmful for our well-being

A

Lazarus’ theory of appraisal

81
Q

English participants told the native American folk tale - asked to recall the story to another participant who recalled it to another on paper(6 or 7 more times) - story became shorter and more changes through each reproduction -distorted and altered in ways that fit with their culture

A

Bartlett

82
Q

-white and black Americans -serial reproduction -story changes so that black man was the aggressor

A

Allport and Postman

83
Q

questions that participants were asked about a car accident changed their speed estimations - words like “smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted” -more severe sounding words produced higher speed estimations

A

Loftus and Palmer

84
Q

3 memory stores: sensory, short term, long term

A

Multi-store model of memory

85
Q

how deeply people process information determines how it is stored in memory

A

Levels of Processing Model

86
Q

DITF technique County youth counseling program Volunteer once vs volunteering every week for 2 years

A

Cialdini (1975)

87
Q

Low balling Not revealing all information One group told the meeting would be at 7am Other group not told of the time Uninformed group more likely to comply

A

Cialdini (1974)

88
Q

Quiz on Greek, Israeli, and Iranian culture Fixed scores Attribution errors differed by culture

A

Kashima and Triandis

89
Q

Articulation vs laboratory test African American participants scored higher when told it was a laboratory test

A

Aronson and Steele

90
Q

Compared masculinity and femininity of different cultures in New Guinea 1. Sensitive and non-aggressive behaviors among men and women 2. Both men and women masculine and dominant 3. Women were more dominant and men were more feminine

A

Mead

91
Q

Scarr and Weinberg

A
  • Parents who raised natural and adopted children
  • african american children adoped by middle-class white americans
  • had an average IQ of 106 at age 7
  • children of a similar background brought up in a low income household had an average IQ of 97
92
Q
  • Parents who raised natural and adopted children
  • african american children adoped by middle-class white americans
  • had an average IQ of 106 at age 7
  • children of a similar background brought up in a low income household had an average IQ of 97
A

Scarr and Weinberg

93
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to rearrange its connections with its neurons; that is the changes that occur in the structure of the brain as a result of learning or experience (exposure to different environments).

94
Q

Rosenzweig et al.

A
  • enriched environment for rats
  • some rats in a deprived environment and some rats in an enriched environment
  • rats in the stimulating environment had a thicker cortex and a heavier frontal lobe
  • brain plasticity occured
95
Q
  • enriched environment for rats
  • some rats in a deprived environment and some rats in an enriched environment
  • rats in the stimulating environment had a thicker cortex and a heavier frontal lobe
  • brain plasticity occured
A

Rosenzweig et al.

96
Q

Conway et al.

A
  • flashbulb memories
  • uk and non uk participants
  • more uk participants remembered the resignation of Margaret Thatcher than non uk participants
97
Q

Perrin and Spencer

A

replicated Asch’s study

  • subjects all from professional fields
  • Individuals with high self esteem and confidence are less likely to conform
    *
98
Q
  • flashbulb memories
  • uk and non uk participants
  • more uk participants remembered the resignation of Margaret Thatcher than non uk participants
A

Conway et al.

99
Q

replicated Asch’s study

  • subjects all from professional fields
  • Individuals with high self esteem and confidence are less likely to conform
    *
A

Perrin and Spencer

psych (8 decks)

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