Paper 1 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
fMRI
A
-measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow -expensive -non invasive - no metal
2
Q
PET
A
-measures how much of a chemical the brain is using, usually glucose - invasive
3
Q
Maguire et al
A
-compared MRI scans of taxi drivers and non taxi drivers were compared -drivers must do a two year training course -drivers had larger hippocampi volume compared to non taxi drivers
4
Q
MRI
A
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images.
5
Q
Tierney et al
A
-a man (known as MA) with normal speech functions was participating in a normal speech study -both parents deaf and learned sign language from an early age -using a PET scan it was discovered that he had a lesion in his left frontal lobe -Language function seems to have developed in the right hemisphere instead of the left hemisphere as an adaptation following his early brain damage
6
Q
nerve
A
building blocks of our nervous system
7
Q
neurotransmitters
A
how neurons communicate with each other
8
Q
neurotransmission
A
neurons sending chemicals across the synaptic gap from the terminal button of the sending neuron to the dendrite of a receiving neuron.
9
Q
Kasamatzu and Hirai
A
-Buddhist monks went on a 72 hour pilgrimage, did not eat, drink, or speak + exposed to cold weather - blood sample taken before and after journey -sensory deprivation resulted in high serotonin levels
10
Q
Martinez and Kesner
A
investigate role of ACH on memory formation 3groups of rats: -injected with scopolamine - injected with physostigmine -injected with nothing rats were trained to go through a maze to find food and timed -rats with physostigmine found the food the quickest
11
Q
ACH
A
neurotransmitter associated with the activation of muscles.
12
Q
scopolamine
A
blocks ACH receptor proteins on the post synaptic neuron - used in Martinez and Kesner study
13
Q
physostigmine
A
enhance the effects of ACH -used in Martinez and Kesner
14
Q
hormones
A
chemicals released by glands that help us maintain homeostasis -part of growth development, circulate the blood stream, and send messages
15
Q
Avery
A
effects of melatonin 3 participant groups: -stimulated by red light - traditional brightlight -dawn stimulation each group exposed to lighting condition at the same time of day for same amount of time - dawn stimulation showed least depressive symptoms because it was best at fooling the body into making melatonin
16
Q
Berthold
A
function of testosterone 6 healthy roosters used 3 groups: -no testicles -transplant testicles from different rooster - reimplanted with their own testicles completely castrated roosters were least aggressive -the re attaches testicles did not re-establish nerve connections but they must have produced a biochemical influence
17
Q
6 main research methods
A
experiments case studies observational studies interviews surveys correlational studies
18
Q
triangulation
A
data, observer, methodology, and theory
19
Q
Curtis et al.
A
thousands of participants from over 150 countries - participants asked to rank their level of disgust for 20 images, 7 were pairs where one image was harmful to the immune system and the other was similar but non infectious -disgust decreased with age and women had higher disgust reactions than men
20
Q
Principals of BLOA
A
- there are biological correlates of behavior 2. animal research can provide insight into human behavior 3. Human behavior is, to some extent, genetically based
21
Q
where is serotonin produced?
A
pineal gland
22
Q
amygdala
A
associated with emotion
23
Q
Broca
A
case study - patient (Tan) -unable to produce coherent speech -autopsy shoed that the damage to the “Broca’s area” is responsible for speech production
24
Q
Money
A
-unethical - biased researcher - identity of participants revealed -eventual suicide of both twins
25
Schacter and Singer
Participants deceived into believing that they were being injected with SUPROXIN instead of ADRENALINE 3 groups: -informed of the correct effects of adrenaline -given no information -given false effects confederate or euphoric behavior emotions measured through observation and self reporting R: Participants given correct information showed minimal changes in emotions because they had a explanation participants given no information had much higher changes in emotion because no explanation
26
Principles of CLOA
1. Humans are information processors, mental processes guide our behavior. 2. The mind can be studied scientifically. 3. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors.
27
Brown and Kulik
-interviewed 40 black and 40 white people -asked questions about 10 events(mostly assassinations or attempts -blacks were more likely to recall FBM of civil rights leaders -memory is more likely to form around emotional events
28
6 universal emotions
fear, anger, surprise, sadness, happiness, disgust
29
3 components of emotion
-physiological changes - subjective feelings of the emotion -emotional response
30
Two factor Theory of emotion
two factors determine specific emotions: -physiological arousal -emotional interpretation and labelling of the physiological arousal
31
Speisman et al.
influence of appraisal on emotional experiences -participants shown film of aboriginal circumcision 4 Conditions: -trauma-could hear noises of surgury -intellectual- voice over of history -denial- celebratory tone -control (no sound) observations and self report taken R: participants reacted more emotionally to the trauma condition and less to the intellectual and silent condition C: appraisal influences emotion
32
Lazarus' theory of appraisal
emotion is experienced when we assess our surroundings as to whether it is beneficial or harmful for our well-being
33
Schemas
cognitive structures that organize knowledge stored in our memory.
34
Bartlett
English participants told the native American folk tale - asked to recall the story to another participant who recalled it to another on paper(6 or 7 more times) - story became shorter and more changes through each reproduction -distorted and altered in ways that fit with their culture
35
Allport and Postman
-white and black Americans -serial reproduction -story changes so that black man was the aggressor
36
Loftus and Palmer
questions that participants were asked about a car accident changed their speed estimations - words like "smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted" -more severe sounding words produced higher speed estimations
37
who proposed Multistore Model of Memory
-Atkinson and Shiffron
38
Multi-store model of memory
3 memory stores: sensory, short term, long term
39
Levels of Processing Model
how deeply people process information determines how it is stored in memory
40
who proposed Levels of Processing Theory?
Craik and Lockhart
41
Cialdini (1975)
DITF technique County youth counseling program Volunteer once vs volunteering every week for 2 years
42
Cialdini (1974)
Low balling Not revealing all information One group told the meeting would be at 7am Other group not told of the time Uninformed group more likely to comply
43
Kashima and Triandis
Quiz on Greek, Israeli, and Iranian culture Fixed scores Attribution errors differed by culture
44
Aronson and Steele
Articulation vs laboratory test African American participants scored higher when told it was a laboratory test
45
Dimensions of culture (4)
Individualism vs collectivism
Masculinity and femininity
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
46
Mead
Compared masculinity and femininity of different cultures in New Guinea 1. Sensitive and non-aggressive behaviors among men and women 2. Both men and women masculine and dominant 3. Women were more dominant and men were more feminine
47
Who developed social identity theory?
Henri Tajfel
48
4 Principles of SCLOA
* 1: Humans are social animals and thus have the need to 'Belong'
* 2: Culture influences behavior
* 3: Humans have a social-self
* 4: People's views of the world are resistant to change and developed by the community and culture
49
Asch
The group of subject and confederates were asked to select the line on the second card that matched the line on the first card 75% conformed at least once to the wrong answer
50
Bandura
children ages 3 to 6 3 groups: -one with models of both genders -models of the same gender -no model
51
Leon festinger
dooms day cult
52
Kimball and Zabrack
influence of the introduction of television on aggression -children became more aggressive2 years after television was introduced
53
Henri Tajfel
separated 14yo boys into two groups based on their preference for two different artists -ingroup preference
54
3 processes of social identity
1. categorization 2. social identification 3. social comparison
55
positive distinctiveness
motivation to show that the ingroup is preferable to an outgroup
56
Zimbardo
prison experiment -randomly assigned position as prisoner or guard -prisoners became passive and guards became situational rather than dispositional factors explain behaviors
57
Ross
fake game show -host ranked as more intelligent
58
Shields
* 44 pairs of MZTs reared apart
* MZTs reared together = 77% correlation
* MZTs reared apart = 76% correlation
* DZTs reared together = 51% correlation
59
fake game show -host ranked as more intelligent
Ross
60
The group of subject and confederates were asked to select the line on the second card that matched the line on the first card 75% conformed at least once to the wrong answer
Asch
61
children ages 3 to 6 3 groups: -one with models of both genders -models of the same gender -no model
Bandura
62
dooms day cult
Leon festinger
63
influence of the introduction of television on aggression -children became more aggressive2 years after television was introduced
Kimball and Zabrack
64
separated 14yo boys into two groups based on their preference for two different artists -ingroup preference
Henri Tajfel
65
prison experiment -randomly assigned position as prisoner or guard -prisoners became passive and guards became situational rather than dispositional factors explain behaviors
Zimbardo
65
prison experiment -randomly assigned position as prisoner or guard -prisoners became passive and guards became situational rather than dispositional factors explain behaviors
Zimbardo
66
-compared MRI scans of taxi drivers and non taxi drivers were compared -drivers must do a two year training course -drivers had larger hippocampi volume compared to non taxi drivers
Maguire et al
67
-a man (known as MA) with normal speech functions was participating in a normal speech study -both parents deaf and learned sign language from an early age -using a PET scan it was discovered that he had a lesion in his left frontal lobe -Language function seems to have developed in the right hemisphere instead of the left hemisphere as an adaptation following his early brain damage
Tierney et al
68
-Buddhist monks went on a 72 hour pilgrimage, did not eat, drink, or speak + exposed to cold weather - blood sample taken before and after journey -sensory deprivation resulted in high serotonin levels
Kasamatzu and Hirai
69
investigate role of ACH on memory formation 3groups of rats: -injected with scopolamine - injected with physostigmine -injected with nothing rats were trained to go through a maze to find food and timed -rats with physostigmine found the food the quickest
Martinez and Kesner
70
blocks ACH receptor proteins on the post synaptic neuron - used in Martinez and Kesner study
scopolamine
71
enhance the effects of ACH -used in Martinez and Kesner
physostigmine
72
effects of melatonin 3 participant groups: -stimulated by red light - traditional brightlight -dawn stimulation each group exposed to lighting condition at the same time of day for same amount of time - dawn stimulation showed least depressive symptoms because it was best at fooling the body into making melatonin
Avery
73
function of testosterone 6 healthy roosters used 3 groups: -no testicles -transplant testicles from different rooster - reimplanted with their own testicles completely castrated roosters were least aggressive -the re attaches testicles did not re-establish nerve connections but they must have produced a biochemical influence
Berthold
74
thousands of participants from over 150 countries - participants asked to rank their level of disgust for 20 images, 7 were pairs where one image was harmful to the immune system and the other was similar but non infectious -disgust decreased with age and women had higher disgust reactions than men
Curtis et al.
75
case study - patient (Tan) -unable to produce coherent speech -autopsy shoed that the damage to the "Broca's area" is responsible for speech production
Broca
76
-unethical - biased researcher - identity of participants revealed -eventual suicide of both twins
Money
77
Participants deceived into believing that they were being injected with SUPROXIN instead of ADRENALINE 3 groups: -informed of the correct effects of adrenaline -given no information -given false effects confederate or euphoric behavior emotions measured through observation and self reporting R: Participants given correct information showed minimal changes in emotions because they had a explanation participants given no information had much higher changes in emotion because no explanation
Schacter and Singer
78
-interviewed 40 black and 40 white people -asked questions about 10 events(mostly assassinations or attempts -blacks were more likely to recall FBM of civil rights leaders -memory is more likely to form around emotional events
Brown and Kulik
79
influence of appraisal on emotional experiences -participants shown film of aboriginal circumcision 4 Conditions: -trauma-could hear noises of surgury -intellectual- voice over of history -denial- celebratory tone -control (no sound) observations and self report taken R: participants reacted more emotionally to the trauma condition and less to the intellectual and silent condition C: appraisal influences emotion
Speisman et al.
80
emotion is experienced when we assess our surroundings as to whether it is beneficial or harmful for our well-being
Lazarus' theory of appraisal
81
English participants told the native American folk tale - asked to recall the story to another participant who recalled it to another on paper(6 or 7 more times) - story became shorter and more changes through each reproduction -distorted and altered in ways that fit with their culture
Bartlett
82
-white and black Americans -serial reproduction -story changes so that black man was the aggressor
Allport and Postman
83
questions that participants were asked about a car accident changed their speed estimations - words like "smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted" -more severe sounding words produced higher speed estimations
Loftus and Palmer
84
3 memory stores: sensory, short term, long term
Multi-store model of memory
85
how deeply people process information determines how it is stored in memory
Levels of Processing Model
86
DITF technique County youth counseling program Volunteer once vs volunteering every week for 2 years
Cialdini (1975)
87
Low balling Not revealing all information One group told the meeting would be at 7am Other group not told of the time Uninformed group more likely to comply
Cialdini (1974)
88
Quiz on Greek, Israeli, and Iranian culture Fixed scores Attribution errors differed by culture
Kashima and Triandis
89
Articulation vs laboratory test African American participants scored higher when told it was a laboratory test
Aronson and Steele
90
Compared masculinity and femininity of different cultures in New Guinea 1. Sensitive and non-aggressive behaviors among men and women 2. Both men and women masculine and dominant 3. Women were more dominant and men were more feminine
Mead
91
Scarr and Weinberg
* Parents who raised natural and adopted children
* african american children adoped by middle-class white americans
* had an average IQ of 106 at age 7
* children of a similar background brought up in a low income household had an average IQ of 97
92
* Parents who raised natural and adopted children
* african american children adoped by middle-class white americans
* had an average IQ of 106 at age 7
* children of a similar background brought up in a low income household had an average IQ of 97
Scarr and Weinberg
93
Brain Plasticity
The brain's ability to rearrange its connections with its neurons; that is the changes that occur in the structure of the brain as a result of learning or experience (exposure to different environments).
94
Rosenzweig et al.
* enriched environment for rats
* some rats in a deprived environment and some rats in an enriched environment
* rats in the stimulating environment had a thicker cortex and a heavier frontal lobe
* brain plasticity occured
95
* enriched environment for rats
* some rats in a deprived environment and some rats in an enriched environment
* rats in the stimulating environment had a thicker cortex and a heavier frontal lobe
* brain plasticity occured
Rosenzweig et al.
96
Conway et al.
* flashbulb memories
* uk and non uk participants
* more uk participants remembered the resignation of Margaret Thatcher than non uk participants
97
Perrin and Spencer
replicated Asch's study
* subjects all from professional fields
* Individuals with high self esteem and confidence are less likely to conform
*
98
* flashbulb memories
* uk and non uk participants
* more uk participants remembered the resignation of Margaret Thatcher than non uk participants
Conway et al.
99
replicated Asch's study
* subjects all from professional fields
* Individuals with high self esteem and confidence are less likely to conform
*
Perrin and Spencer
