Paper 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Bitwise XORing…
A
toggles a subset of the bits in the value
when you use a 1 the bianry is toggled/ switched around and 0s there is no impact
2
Q
Depth First algorithm
A
- PUSH the first node onto the stack
- Repeat:
a. push each node onto the stack until a child node is reached
b. visit the node which is the lowest you can reach
c. if no node to visit pop off the stack - Until stack is empty
3
Q
Encryption
A
Encryption is the process of encoding a message so that it can be read only by the sender and the intended recipient.
4
Q
serialisation
A
Serialisation ensures that transactions do not overlap in time and therefore cannot interfere with each other or lead to updates being lost
5
Q
Class
A
a template to set out a define what attributes an object of a certain type should have
6
Q
how is redundancy used usefully
A
organisations build in redundancy e.g. duplicate hardware so that if the main system fails the backup can take over
7
Q
X∧X=
A
X
8
Q
do until loop pseudocode
A
do
code
until
condition
9
Q
Sequence
A
do one statement after another in the correct order
10
Q
Symmetric Encryption
A
Symmetric Encryption is when the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. Both party’s must know the key and also keep it secret.
11
Q
NOT
A
reverses the outcome of the expression
12
Q
Byte Scale
A
bit, nibble, byte, kilobyte, mega, giga, tera, peta, exa, zetta, yotta
Multiple by 1024 to move up
13
Q
Method of capturing data (Manual)
A
Paper data capture form (read by OCR & OMR or typed in manually)
14
Q
purpose of operating systems: managing external devices
A
Using device drivers to translate operating system instructions into those understood by specific models of hardware device
15
Q
How are character sets used to represent text?
A
When character in the set has a corresponding binary value which is a set number of bits. These are stored in a sequence that represents a word etc.
16
Q
Capacity of magnetic
A
640 GB - 1TB
17
Q
clock use
A
synchronise the change of state of flip flop circuits
18
Q
linked lists
A
A list of data together with a set of links to sort the data. Data is stored in the order its input and pointers are used to link the data into the desired order.
19
Q
Selection
A
do a set of statements based on conditions allow your code to make choices- otherwise known as branching
20
Q
Peer-to-Peer Networking
A
No central computer, all computers are connected to each other locally or over a WAN
21
Q
disadvantages of Client-Server
A
- Can be expensive to set up and to manage
- Server is single point of failure
22
Q
how to convert floating point binary to denary
A
1) First work out the denary number in the exponent which tells us that the binary point moves ‘n’ places to the right
2) Write out a new binary weighting line with the point in the right place and then convert into denary
23
Q
components of a packet
A
senders address, recievers address, packet contents, sequence number
24
Q
Consistency
A
Any change in the database must retain the overall state of the database.
25
clock
sequential circuit that changes state at regular time intervals
26
Program Counter
stores the address of the next instruction
27
POST acronym
Power of self test
28
X∧0=
0
29
relationships
one-to-one
one-to-many
many-to-many
30
in two's complement the sign is stored in
the most significant bit
31
direct addressing
where the operand contains the address of the value to be used.
32
preorder dot
left
33
Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption (Public Key Cryptography) is when a public key and a private key is used. The public key is used to encrypt the data and the private key is used to decrypt the data. If you use person X’s public key to encrypt the data only person X’s private key will be able to decrypt it
34
Advantages of networks
- allows sharing of data
- allows collaberative working
- good for communication
- allows sharing of resources e.g. printers, storage and scanners
- easy to backup to a central point
35
Real-time Operating system
Designed to carry out actions within a guaranteed amount of time even when left running for long period.
36
software
program code. Sequences of instructions which are executed in order to perform a task.
37
Client side processing
data is processed on client side and send back to the server. This is used for security as it avoids data transfers.
38
Disadvantages of the agile model
- Not suitable for quick projects
39
Current instruction register
stores the actual instruction that is being decoded
40
if/else Pseudocode
```
if condition then
code
elseif condition then
code
else
code
endif
```
41
dynamic
size of the structure can change at runtime
42
Optical storage advantages
Cheap
light weight and portable
Resilient
43
Trace Tables
As you follow code you note down when each variable changes and what each value is
44
structured
the data is organised in a logical way
45
purpose of operating systems: managing the memory
allocating and managing the memory used and relinquished by processes using pages and segmentation. Managing virtual memory
46
constructor of a superclass
public procedure new(inputs)
super.new(inputs)
attribute = input
endprocedure
47
instruction set
a group of instructions that a computer can carry out. unique for computers.
48
code optimisation
(stages of compilation stage 4)
the code is optimised to run as fast as possible by removing redundant code (removing variables and procedures that have been written but never called)
49
Multiple cores
Multiple CPUs working on a single computer
50
Pre-emptive
Once a process has entered the running state it can be stopped
51
Inheritance OO pseudocode
```
class Dog inherits Pet
code
endclass
```
52
Address Bus
A one directional bus that transmits memory addresses that are used as operands in programming instructions, so that data can be retrieved from main memory
53
XML (eXstensible Markup Language)
A markup language that uses tags to denote data
54
Methods of sending data
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard electronic format between business partners.
Application Programming Interface (API) - a prewritten set of subroutines that provide access to the
companies data
- A URL to a file
55
CISC
Complex instruction set computing, large number of instruction each taking multiple machine cycles to carry out.
56
Clock signal
used to synchronise operations
57
font size CSS property
font-size
58
Uses of real-time operating systems
Airline control, theatre bookings, heart monitors, production lines, radar systems
59
purpose of operating systems: providing networking
communication through protocols and other machines and devices
60
Durability
Once a change has been made to a database it must not be lost due to a system failure.
61
wildcard
*, selects all the elements
62
Tuples
are lists that cannot be edited, they are immutable
63
Hash tables
an array which is coupled together with a hash function.
64
stack data structure
A stack is known as a LIFO, a single pointer is used to point to the top item of the stack, when a new item is pushed onto the stack the pointer is incremented. When an item is popped off the stack the pointer decrements to point to the new top of the stack.
65
second normal form
1. Check the data is already in 1NF
2. Remove any partial dependencies
3. ‘fix’ any many to many relationships you discover
66
Open Systems Interconnection 7 layer model
(7) Application Layer
(6) Presentation Layer
(5) Session Layer
(4) Transport Layer
(3) Networking Layer
(2) Data Link Layer
(1) Physical Layer
67
Query SQL
SELECT *
FROM tblName
WHERE conditions
68
stepwise approach
breaking down a problem into smaller sections
69
Server side processing
used to interact with permanent storage like databases or files. It also renders the pages to the client
70
sequential files
where the order of data is maintained
71
how to do CSS in HTML
72
Data Protection Act parts
Data processed fairly and lawfully
Data should only be collected for specific purposes
Data should be relevant and not excessive
Data should be accurate and up to date
Data should not be kept longer than needed
The user has a right to access and correct data
The organisation must have suitable security
Data can not be transferred outside the UK to any country with no data protection laws
73
How is a stack used in a ISR
when an interrupt comes the current instruction is pushed onto the stack. Once the interrupt has finished it pops the instruction off the stack and processes it
74
∨
OR (+)
75
protecting agaisnt hacking:
- Packet snifferes
| - User access logs
76
Attribute
variables contained within and associated to an object
77
BIOS
checks that the hardware is connected is connected and working in what is known as a power on self test
78
polling
The CPU checks with each device if it needs attention. Inefficient and wastes time as some devices will not want attention when called upon
79
how does arithmetic (signed) right shift work?
shift everything to the right and backfill the space with 1s
80
normalising a positive binary number
back fill with 0s
81
Input device examples
```
Key board
Card readers
Microphones
Cameras
Barcode scanners
OMR/OCR
Mice
Sensors
Magnetic stripe reader
touch pads
```
82
Object Orientated language
coders develop a solution which consists of objects that have been modelled on the real worl.
83
sparse graph
A graph which has few edges in relation to vertices
84
Solid-State Storage
uses flash memory so data is read and written directly to blocks and pages on the silicon micro-chips
85
graph
a set of edges/arcs connecting vertices/nodes
87
Link Layer
(4) Passes data to the physical network
88
Hashing Databases
transforms a string of characters in a record into a shortened form that can be used as a disk address
89
De Morgan's Law
¬ (A∨B) = (¬ A) ∧(¬ B)
| NOT (A OR B) is the same as (NOT A) AND (NOT B)
90
Foot Mouse
press key/click button with their foot to send signal.
91
Secondary key
any field in a database which is not a primary, candidate or foreign key. They are used to order queries.
92
Bitwise manipulation
bitwise shifts and masks
93
Bytecode
An intermediate representation which combines compiling and interpreting and is run by a byte code interpreter
94
multi-dimensional arrays
an array containing one or more arrays.
95
Advantages of Using encapsulation
- reduces chance of error
- consistent changes
- prevents accidental changes
96
word
equal units of memory. each with separate memory addresses.
97
fragmented disk
over time a disk becomes fragmented as old files are deleted and new files are added, free space often becomes scattered across a disk and a program has to be split and spread across a disk to fit. The more fragmented the slower the computer performs
98
procedure
a self-contained set of commands that can be called from different parts of the program.
99
Algorithm for insertion into a binary tree:
1. If tree is empty enter data item at root and stop; Current node = root
2. Else repeat:
a. If new data item is less than value at current node go left, else go right.
b. Current node = node reach (null if no node)
c. Until current node is null
3. Create new node and enter data
100
different traversal methods
preorder
inorder
postorder
101
Coacial Copper Cables
older, slower and cheaper
102
node at the top of the tree
root node
103
Chip Multi Processor (CMP)
a single chip which contains 2 or more independent CPUs which can execute independent instructions
104
border width CSS property
border-width
105
factors to consider when choosing applications (9)
```
speed
does it provide the necessary functionality
cost and pricing
hardware requirements
memory
convenience
is it well used, tried and tested
is it available off the shelf or will it have to be hand written
```
106
TCP/IP stack
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet layer
Link Layer
107
Execute
The appropriate instruction/ opcode is carried out on the data/ operand
108
Artificial intelligence
writing software and algorithms which appear to behave as if they were intelligent
109
What is a more complex data type called?
composite types
110
Star topology disadvantages
Can be expensive to set up because of the length of cable required
Central device is a point of failure
111
Uses of assymetric encryption
used for transfering data e.g. online shopping
112
basic Boolean operators
AND
OR
NOT
113
all attributes are dependent on..
the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key
114
height CSS property
height
115
Peer-to-Peer Model:
all terminals have equal status and there is no powerful central server, each computer acts as both a client and a server.
116
distributed computing
when each computer on a network takes on part of a problem
117
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – used by mail servers and clients to transfer email across the internet
118
Software interrupts
illegal instruction encountered
Arithmetic overflow
new log-on request
119
Uses of CISC
what most desktops use, Intel or AMD
120
Benefits of circuit switching
- highly reliable
| - once the circuit is set up communication is fast and generally error free
121
Drawbacks of circuit switching
- dedicated connection therefore even if the channel is free it cannot be used to transmit other data
- inefficient
- requires more bandwidth
- time is taken to determine the physical link before hand
122
Puff/Suck Switch
blow/suck to send signal.
123
Buffer almost empty
buffer allows each device or process to operate without being held up by the other
124
NIC
receive and send electrical signals in a network.
125
partial key dependency
one or more f the attributes depends on only part of the primary key (if the primary key is a composite key)
126
Data Integrity
Data integrity is the maintenance and consistency of data in a data store. The data store must reflect the reality that it represents.
127
internal storage examples
magnetic hard drive, ROM, RAM, internal solid state drive
128
Use of distributed operating systems
Data centres, large companies, weather/financial modelling, data mining trend finding
129
Output device examples
```
speakers
plotters
printers
monitors
actuators
projectors
LEDs
```
130
Static
the size of the structure cannot change at run time
131
indexed addressing
The value given is added to the valued stored in the index register to give the memory location.
132
What does a bitwise left shift do?
multiplies the number by 2.
133
Binary -> denary negative exponent
- exponent
134
create an instance of a class OO
objectName = new className(parameters)
135
Breadth first algorithm
1. PUSH the first node into the queue
2. mark as visited
3. REPEAT:
a. visit all unvisited nodes connected to the first node
b. push nodes onto the queue
4. until all nodes visited
5. REPEAT:
a. POP next node from queue
b. REPEAT:
i. visit unvisited nodes connected to current node
ii. PUSH nodes onto quue
c. until all nodes visited
6. until queue empty
136
Absorbtion Law OR
```
A∧(A∨B)=A
X AND (X OR Y) is the same as X
```
137
procedural languages examples
Pascal, C, Basic and Python
138
What is ASCII
- A character set
- Maps values to characters
- Uses 7-bits/ 8-bits per character
139
types of interrupts
- hardware
- software
- Input/output
140
A∧ ¬A =
0
141
Contemporary processor architectures
Modern high-performance CPU chips incorporate aspects of both Von Neumann and Harvard architectures
e.g. memory for both data and instructions but cache is divided into instruction and data and multiple parallel data buses
142
Sign magnitude most significant bit
represents + or -
+ = negative
- = positive
143
Hashing
Hashing is the process used to transform a data item into something different. A hashing function provides a mapping between an arbitrary length input and a fixed length output. It is a one-way transformation meaning you cannot get back to the original form.
144
Memory read signal
causes data from the addressed location in RAM to be placed on the data bus
145
Bus request signal
indicates that the CPU has granted access to the data bus
146
polymorphism
when something appears in multiple forms and the program makes sure the correct meaning of a function is run
147
Inserting an item in a hash table:
1. Feed in key to the hash function
2. Go directly to the array index (HashValue)
3. If the location is empty then insert the value
4. Else follow the linked list in sequence until a free space in found and insert the value
148
opcode
the actual instruction
149
0.1
positive
150
Open Source Software
any software which is supplied along with its original source code.
e.g. Linux
151
\
integer division
152
Drawbacks of closed source software
- costs money, can be expensive
| - small range of versions of software
153
purpose of operating systems: managing security
servicing and denying requests to access the resources connected to the computer
154
Bottleneck address bus
the width of the address bus determines the maximum possible capacity of the system
155
Input devices for limited mobility
- Foot mouse/pedal
- Camera/eye tracker
- Microphone
- Puff/suck switch
156
Lists
an ordered data structure accessed through an index. the have no predefined scope and can be edited during run time.
158
Lossy Compression
Actual data is removed from the file in order to reduce its size. An algorithm is used to strip out the least important data. The original file cannot be restored as data is physically removed.
159
serial file
store data with no specific order meaning if data is added it is simply appended onto the end of the file. You cannot delete data from a serial file. good for storing simple data sets text files and configuration files.
160
commutation LAW OR
A∨B = B∨A
| The order in which two variables are OR’ed makes no difference
161
purpose of operating systems: managing the processor
deciding which process to execute next and handling interrupts to the currently executing process
162
Half adder use
adds two bits
163
commutation LAW AND
A∧B = B∧A
| The order in which two variables are AND’ed makes no difference
164
end instruction
HLT
165
Binary -> denary positive exponent
+ exponent ->
166
Packet Switching
the data to be transmitted is broke up into individual packets at the source computer. each packet is labelled with an address and sequence number. The packet is then forwarded onto the network and follows its own individual route. Depending on network traffic each packet will take different routes at different times to reach their destination where is is then reassembled.
167
Address bus average width
32 bits
168
normalising a negative binary number
back fill with 1s at the high end and 0s at the low end
169
Possible uses of graphs:
1. Navigation Systems
2. Data Transmission
3. Web page links
4. Social media trends
170
Disadvantages of extreme programming
- Not suitable for programmers separated geographically
| - Client must be able to commit to having full time contact with the programmers
171
programming paradigm
a way to classify programming languages based on their features.
172
how to solve hash table collisions
- store the key in in the next available space
OR
- combine with a linked list
173
Data redundancy
The unnecessary duplication of data in a database
174
paragraph text
175
capacity of solid state
around 500 MB
176
Uses of virtual machines
- used on networks to avoid redundant processors
- translating code (Java)
- running different operating systems
177
Mesh Topology
an arrangement where ever node is connected to every other node.
178
Memory Data register (MDR)
stores the data which is to be sent or fetched from memory
179
normalising:
| moving the point to the left
+ exponent
180
relationship between high-level and assembly code
one to many
181
uses of a GPU
```
Will be present on a graphics card in a computer
used in
- Machine learning
- Oil exploration
- Image processing
- Financial transactions
```
182
virtual storage disadvantages
Expensive if you want to store large amounts of data
| Access times can be slow if there is poor internet connection
183
Cop Right Design and Patents Act
protects the intellectual property rights of individuals and organisations. This law makes it illegal to Copy, Modify or Distribute any software or any other intellectual property without permission of the original creator.
184
post order dot
right
185
ordered list
186
Paired Programming
one programmer types and another checks at the same time.
187
border style CSS property
border-style
188
Transmission media
the wires that connect a network
189
system software
operates, controls and maintain the computer and its components.
190
Bitwise ANDing ...
extracts a subset of the bits in a value
when the mask is a 1 it retains the value however when the mask is a 0 it outputs just 0s meaning only certain values are extracted.
191
main factors effecting CPU performance
clock speed
number of cores
amount and type of cache
192
ACID
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
193
What do the nodes on a binary tree contain
left pointer, data, right pointer
194
CDPA year
1988
195
Disadvantages of the spiral model
- Acknowledge user input
- Create prototypes to communicate to the user ideas better
- Better for small projects
- Simple
196
general purpose application software
A software that can be used for many purposes e.g. word-processor
197
FIFO
first in first out
198
digraphs
has one or more edges that have an arrow indicating you can only go in one direction
199
Internet
many interconnected networks over many different countries via dedicated connections known as backbones
200
Embedded Operating Systems
embedded systems are often run on dedicated hardware so they run with maximum efficiency, with low powered processors and minimal memory
201
Switches
devices used to connect devices on a network, they use the physical hardware MAC address to send data on to the required destination node.
202
Output device
any device which is able to take data which is stored in a digital form and convert it into another format which wee can process e.g. sound, images or vibrations
203
drawbacks of assymmetric
- not as fast
204
MOD
gives the remainder of a division
205
three main class sections:
class name
attributes
methods
206
Record Locking
Recording Locking prevents simultaneous access to objects in a database in order to prevent updates being lost or inconsistencies in the data arising.
207
Multi-tasking operating system
one processor is scheduled so that each process receives a very small time slice of processor time giving the impression of them running simultaneously.
208
API
Application Programming Interface governs how two applications should interact
209
Adding data from linked lists:
1. Store the data at the location indicated by the free storage pointer
2. Alter the free storage pointer to the next free storage space
3. Work out where in the list the new item should be inserted
4. Set the pointer for the item that will precede it to the new data item
5. Update the pointer for the new data item to that previously stored in the item the preceded it
210
5 most common primitive data types
integers, real (float), characters, string and Boolean
211
Removing data from linked lists:
1. If the item to remove is in the first position
a. Then update starting pointer value of item you want to delete
b. Update all the pointers
2. Else if the item is in any other position
a. Update the pointer value in the preceding node from the one you want to delete to the value of the pointer in the item to be removed
3. Update the free pointers
212
mutable
structure and data can be changed at runtime
213
what connects different networks?
routers and gateways
214
Disadvantages of client side processing
- Not all browsers support all script
| - Because the scripts are processed by the client, they are dependent on the performance of the clients’ machine
215
Utility software
small programs each with a very specific purpose, which is normally concerned with the maintenance and wellbeing of a computer system
216
CSS identifier
HASHTAG
#menu{
background-color: #A2441B;
}
217
for loop pseudocode
for i=0 to 7
print(“Hello”)
next i
218
deadlock
when both users try and access the database at the exact same time meaning neither can edit it
219
The text that will appear in the tab heading
220
linker (static linking)
includes links to any library code and place it in a single executable file. this is known as static linking and results in large programs because all the code is held in one file.
221
Extreme Programming
- A type of agile methodology, involving a user imbedded in the company to give feedback.
- This results in high quality code being developed quicker.
222
exponent
positive of the binary point is fixed on the number line
223
What loads the OS into RAM
the bootloader
224
Buffer
a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another
225
purpose of operating systems: providing a platform for Software and utility programs
provides a framework for applications to run, allowing the to, for example, open and close files easily. The user can also interact with operating systems to manage files and use a range of utilities
226
token
a keyword, constant, variable, identifier or operator from the code
227
arcs on a tree
branches
228
Relational Database
A relational database has more than one related table. It is more efficient that a flat file database as no data is duplicated meaning querying is easier.
229
uses of functions and procedures
breaking a problem into manageable sections
| preventing duplicating sections of code when it is needed more than once in a program
230
Operating system (System software)
allows the user to control the computer with ease.
Provides a virtual machine hiding the true complexity of the computer from the user.
Manages and controls access to the computer's resources.
231
normalising a number
means that there is only one way to represent the number
232
virtual storage advantages
data can be accessed anywhere so long as you have internet access
data can be easily shared between devices without having to copy the data and transport it
the capacity is limitless
233
Operating System Roles
- Provides a user interface
- manages security
- provides a platform for utilities/applications
- manages external devices
- managing the processor/scheduling
- managing memory
- provides a platform for networking
- managing hardware
234
bootloader program
loads the operating system kernel into memory.
Stored in ROM
235
Where is the waterfall life cycle model used?
Used in manufacturing industry
236
Over-riding
when the method in the subclass shares the same method as further up in the object tree. the over-ridden method takes precedence and replaces the method further up the object tree
237
Characteristics of Procedural
instructions, sequences, selections, interaction, procedures and functions
238
clock
a device that generates a timing signal which changes at a regular frequency. Its used to synchronise communication between the components of the CPU and the rest of the computer system.
239
Cache memory
Special high speed memory used by a computer. Stores frequently used data and instructions.
240
interrupts
A device sends a signal on the control bus to show the CPU it needs attention
241
Unicode
character set which displays over a million characters
242
scheduler
manages which process to execute next and how much time is allowed to execute a process
243
What are character sets needed for?
needed so that a document which is made on one computer is still readable on another computer. Computers can have more than one character set installed.
244
Hardware
the physical component oft he computer system.
245
Microphone
Make sound to send signal
246
advantages of using an external css file
code only needed to be added to one file but the changes are applied to all the pages that use that css file
247
program branch reason
occurs due to an if statement, function, procedure call or loop.
248
primitive data type
a basic data type provided by the programming language as a basic building block
249
array
allows you to store multiple items of the same data type under a shared common name
250
Data mining
automated process which looks at large sets of data and tries to identify patterns in order to predict something
251
different types of operating system
```
Distributed
Embedded
Multi-tasking
Multi-User
Real-time
```
252
Hash function
code which takes in data called a key and outputs a hash value which is is used to find a fixed index in a hash table
253
interpreter
takes one line of high level source code and converts it directly into machine code then runs it.
this has a one to many relationship and is useful for debugging code however the security is bad and the code is executed slowly
254
CPU vs GPU
CPUs excel at doing complex instructions on small data sets whereas GPUs excel at simple manipulations to much larger data sets
255
Cloud Computing
Client-Server network via the internet, where files are kept on a remote server and accessed virtually
256
What does the DMBS provide
```
Security
backups
index updating
enforcement of referential integrity
facilities to update and query the database
```
257
client side processing
Client Processing is where webpages use JavaScript to validate data before it gets sent to the sever for further validation.
258
Association LAW (OR)
```
A∨(B∨C)=(A∨B)∨C= A∨B∨C
A OR (B OR C) is the same as (A OR B) OR C is the same as A OR B OR C
```
259
Solid-State examples
USB pens and SD cards
260
advantages of peer-to-peer
- cheap to set up and maintain
| - easy sharing
261
Algorithm for deletion into a stack:
1. Check to see if the stack is empty
2. If the stack is empty report an error and stop
3. Copy the data item in location pointed to by the stack pointer
4. Decrement the stack pointer
262
conjunction
AND
263
Atomicity
a change to a database is either completely performed or not performed at all. A half-completed change MUST NOT be saved back to the database.
264
integer
any positive or negative whole number e.g. 3, 0, -14
265
how to normalise a number:
1. see how many places the binary point has to move so the number starts 01 or 10
2. store this number in the exponent and then new format of the number in the exponen
266
Fibre Optic Cables
newer, faster and high-capacity
267
Code generation
(stages of compilation stage 3)
| the syntax tree is converted into object code
268
Advantages of a client-server network
- Security is better since all files are stored in a central location
- Back ups are done centrally so individual users do not need to back up
- data and resources can be shared
269
Algorithm for insertion into a queue:
1. Check to see is the queue is full
2. If the queue is full report an error ad stop
3. Insert new data item into location pointed to by the head pointer
4. Increment the head pointer and stop
270
Hardware interrupt
- shut down triggered by user pressing on/off button
- memory parity error (when comparisons don't match)
- internal clock triggers suspending a running process
271
why is manageable code important
easy to read, debug and easy to maintain
272
logic gates in a half adder
XOR (to the sum)
| AND (to the carry)
273
application layer
(1) Packages data and passes it on to the transport layer.
274
Object Orientated languages examples
C++ and Java
275
The Computer Misuse Act
makes unauthorized access to computer systems illegal:
| The intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences with intent to impair the operating of a computer
276
virtual memory
when the main memory is almost full sections which are less frequently used are stored on the hard disk to free up RAM space
277
first normal form
1. Eliminate duplicate columns
2. Get rid of any groups of repeating data
3. Identify the primary key
4. Separate out any attributes which are not atomic into separate attributes
278
Solid-state storage disadvantages
Expensive
| limited lifespan - each section can only be written to a set number of times
279
Operating System
software that manages the computer; it manages the hardware, software, security and the user interface
280
LIFO
last in first out
281
what happens when a search engine indexes a page
crawlers traverse the web following links and checking each word in the document. It adds an index entry for the page alongside the words position on the page.
282
three types of secondary storage
magnetic, optical, solid-state
283
Method of capturing data (Automated)
barcode readers, scanners, sensors, magnetic ink character recognition, smart card readers
284
4 types of system software
OS, utility, libraries, translators
285
JPEG
joint photographic experts group, losy compressed form of graphics storage
286
X∨0 =
X
287
SQL
SQL is a language which allows for fast, efficient querying and reporting of vast amounts of data held in a relational database. It is a very high-level language.
288
Referential Integrity
Referential Integrity is where table relationships must always be consistent. Any foreign key field must agree with the primary key that is referenced by the foreign key. Thus, any changes to the primary key field must be applied to all foreign keys in another table, or not at all.
289
Pre-emtive Algorithms
based on priority so if one instruction is executing it can be stopped for another instruction to start processing
290
Dictionary Coding
Dictionary coding is when an index is built where every data item in the file is recorded along with an indexed reference. The final compressed file will just consist of the dictionary index along with the sequence of occurrences needed to recreate the original file.
291
more bits in the mantissa...
improves the accuracy but reduces the range
292
RISC
reduced instruction set computing. Small Instruction set where each instruction is performed in one clock cycle.
293
magnetic storage positives
cheap large capacity
294
OR
if both inputs are true or one input is true the the output is true else the output is false
295
Advantages of the waterfall model
- Everyone on the project is very clear on their responsibilities at each stage.
- Simplicity
- Easy to see if programming is running to schedule
296
limitations of half adders
- can only add one bit numbers
| - only two inputs, the carry from a previous addition can't be incorperated
297
Atomic
data is in its lowest level of detail and cannot be split into separate attributes
298
Malicous Software
is software that annoys users or damages their data. For example, Worms, Viruses, Trojans, Spyware and ransomware.
299
XML
extensible markup language, text based means of describing data.
300
types of application software (12)
```
word processors
desktop publishing programs
spreadsheets
database management
Slideshow and presentation
Multimedia and video editing
photo and graphics manipulation
communications, chat and IM
social networking
email clients
web browsers
Gaming
```
301
real (floating point)
a positive or negative number with a fractional component e.g. 0.002 or -1.98
302
CISC advantage
simpler software
more likely to have a single instruction to carry out an action, larger instruction sets
works better with more intensive tasks
303
Data integrity is the state of data being
as intended and accurate
304
disadvantages of peer-to-peer
- no central backing up
- slower performance
- bad security
305
CSS identifiers vs classes
and identifier can only be used once on one element but classes can be used on multiple elements
306
SIMD
(parallel processing, single instruction multiple data) a single processor carries out an instruction on multiple data
307
GPU uses
graphics, gaming, AI(machine learning), data analysis
308
Multi-User Operating System
Allows multiple users to use the system and its resources simultaneously.
309
Drawbacks of packet switching
- protocols are complex and expensive
- packets may be lost
- not neccessarily secure
310
Variable
a name refer to a particular memory location that is used to store data. The value of the data held in that memory location is not known when the program is written and can change while the program is running
311
Serialisation
Serialisation ensures that transactions do not overlap in time and therefore cannot interfere with each other or lead to updates being lost
312
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
313
three categories of programming languages
procedural
Object Orientated
Assembly
314
X∨¬X=
1
315
Proxies
A proxy ensures there is no direct physical connection between a single user and a remote source.
316
disadvantage of server side processing
- can be slow
| - pages have to be refreshed often to keep up to date
317
Hubs
connects nodes together by broadcasting a signal to all possible destinations. The correct destination will accept the signal
318
Association LAW (AND)
```
A∧(B∧C)=(A∧B)∧C= A∧B∧C
A AND (B AND C) is the same as (A AND B) AND C is the same as A AND B AND C
```
319
difference between paging and segmentation
pages are a fixed size, segments are different sizes
pages are made to fit sections of memory, segments are complete sections of programs
pages are physical divisions, segments are logical divisions
320
Embedded operating systems
Washing machines, vending machines, car engine systems, traffic lights, pay and display machines
321
Star Topology
an arrangement where a central node or hub provides a common connection point for all other nodes.
322
what does security keeping data safe from?
- accidental or deliberate loss
| - malicious access
323
Bus Topology Disadvantages
Main cable is a single point of failure
Limited cable length
Performance degrades with heavy use
Poor security
324
What does the width of the address bus determine
the maximum possible memory addresses of the system
325
Lossless Compression
Reduces the file size but allows the original data be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. Actual data is still removed however the data is encoded in such a way that the original can be recreated.
Less effect at reducing file size than lossy.
326
drawbacks of open source software
- can be less user friendly/less easy to use
- less support available
- people may exploit failures maliciously before they are fixed
327
Shortest job first (SJF)
Jobs are sorted in the ready queue according the estimated processor time needed
328
advantages of client side processing
- Allows for more interactivity by immediately responding to a users' action
- Removes potentially unnecessary processing from the server
329
Ring topology
an arrangement where on node is connect to two others to form and ring.
330
tree
a simple connected graph with no cycles
331
Primary key
A field that uniquely identifies each record
332
Secondary Key
Any field which isn't a primary/composite key which can help make a query more efficient
333
Disadvantages of rapid application development
- doesn't scale well
334
Searching an item in a hash table:
1. Feed the key to the hash function
2. Go directly to array index (HashValue)
3. If the value is equal to the value that you’re searching for then output the value
4. Else follow the linked list in sequence until you find the value and output the value
335
Input instruction
INP
336
1.0
negative
337
Data Bus
A bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components
338
GPU
Graphical processing unit.
| used for rendering graphics and processing many parallel streams of data at the same time.
339
uses of linked lists
1. Implementing undo functionality
2. Dealing with browser cache
3. Helping with operating system job queues
340
store instruction
STA
341
RIPA Grants rights to:
- Demand ISPs provide access to a customer's surveillance
- Demand ISPs fit equipment to facilitate surveillance
- Demand access be granted to protected information
- Prevent existence of such interception activities being revealed in court
342
program branch result
the next instruction held in the PC is not carried out
343
pipelining
overlapping stages in the fetch-execute cycle.
| fetching the next instruction while the first instruction is being decoded
344
example of input AND output device
touch screen or games controllers
345
Embedded Operating Systems
a computer system that forms part of a device such as a washing machine or car
346
Harvard architecture
- instructions and data are stored in separate memory units
- instructions and data are each served by their own buses
- allows for pipelining
347
CMA year
1990
348
Composite Key
A unique identifier made from different fields
349
positives of databases?
- provide security
- provide automatic backup
- enforce data integrity rules
- control data redundancy
- provide users with controlled access to data they need
350
Superclass
the original class and its code
351
pipelining advantages
improves efficiency
352
combine rows from multiple rows
JOIN
353
What does a bitwise right shift do?
divides the number by 2.
354
Overflow
If the result of a binary addition is greater than 255, an overflow error occurs, where the most significant bit requires a ninth bit (Put it in brackets)
355
negatives of multiple cores
```
complicated circuitry (more expensive)
doesn't always improve performance
```
356
by changing the position of the binary point you can...
increase the size of the number
| increase the accuracy of the number
357
MIMD
multiple instruction multiple data, multiple instructions are carried out on multiple data using multiple cores
358
Local Area Network (LAN):
method of connecting computers together in a small geographical area. All the hardware and infrastructure is owned by the business/ organisation that uses it.
359
Benefits of Open source software
- usually free
- users are free to amend the source code and tailor the program to their needs
- not constrained by commercial considerations
- many people are continuously finding and fixing bugs
360
instantiation
the process of creating an object from a class template
361
Uses of Multi-tasking operating systems
desktops and smart phones
362
Entity Relationship Modelling
when the relationships between tables are shown in abstracted view.
363
CISC disadvantages
```
more complex circuitry/hardware
Single machine instruction takes multiple machine cycles to carry out
greater energy consumtion
can't support pipelining
more silicon require to make
physically larger in size
```
364
How does Java use virtual machine?
the virtual machine execute intermediate code (Java Byte code)
365
Half adder outputs/inputs
inputs: the two bits to be added
outputs: the result and the carry
366
Algorithm for deletion/reading from a queue:
1. Check to see if the queue is empty
2. If the queue is empty report an error and stop
3. Copy data item in location pointed to by the tail pointer.
4. Increment tail pointer and stop
367
Writing an alert box
alert(“Hello World”);
368
Search engine indexing
Uses web crawlers and relies of databases of indexes, and uses those indexes to find more databases forming links
369
divides the page into segments allowing for improved styling
370
input device
any device which allows you to get information from the outside world into a computer system so that it can be stored in a digital form
371
utility programs examples
- Disk defragmenter
- Automatic backup
- Automatic updating
- Virus checker
- Compression software
372
Input/output interrupt
- Buffer almost empty
| - Signals the completions of data transfer between devices
373
X∨X=
X
374
First come first serve (FCFS)
the processes are executed in the order they arrived
| if all the processes take along time all the others must wait
375
how does the PC know where to return to in the previously executing program after services an interrupt
by putting instructions on a stack
376
how to use a form tag
377
changing the contents of an HTML element JavaScript
chosenElement = document.getElementById(“example”);
chosenElement.innerHTML = “Hello World”;
378
writing directly to a document JavaScript
document.write(“Hello World”);
379
Benefits of packet switching
- efficient use of the network
- can be rerouted to avoid problems in the network
- data is transmitted immediately
380
JavaScript Clientside
Used to process data on clients computer which allows erroneous data validation on client side which is quicker and relieving on a server side.
381
Normalisation
Organising the attributes and relations of a relational database to minimise redundancy
382
Firewalls
a program that blocks unauthorised access onto a network by inspecting packets to find the port they are attempting to access through.
If the port is blocked then the packet is rejected.
383
Flip flop
elemental sequential logic circuit that can store one bit and flip between two states
384
Server side processing
data is processed on server side as they can process bigger amounts and take the strain off clients
385
Encryption
A method of transforming data into an unintelligible way so that it cannot be read by unauthorised individuals.
386
Advantages of rapid application development
- flexible to changes
- quick
- simple
- can reduce risk
387
Input/ Output interrupts
buffer nearly empty
| signal the completion of data transfer to/from a device
388
translator
any program that converts source code into machine code. e.g. interpreters, compilers and assemblers
389
Disadvantages of Networks
The user can become dependent on the network
If the network stops operating then it may not be possible to access various resources
Efficiency of a network can be very dependent on a network manager
It is difficult to make a network of computer secure for hackers and outside threats
As traffic increases on a network the performance can degrade
390
branch if zero instruction
BRZ
391
RISC disadvantages
complicated software
more machine code (not as many instructions)
lower clock speed, not good with complicated tasks
392
advantages of server side processing
- doesn't require plugins or browser scripting technology
- more secure
- reduces loading time
393
third normal form
1. Check the data is already in 2NF
| 2. Check there are no non-key-dependencies
394
Disk defragmentation
programs which attempt to consolidate the spilt files and free space. therefore reading and writing files becomes more efficient.
395
Trojan
A Trojan is software that misleads the user of its true intent. Often, they serve to open up back doors in your computer.
396
Negation
NOT
397
Layering
the principle of dividing a complex system into separate slices of functionality
398
4 types of application software
off the shelf, custom written, proprietary and open source
399
record
an un-ordered data structure which is accessed through an attribute. It can store many different data types.
400
capacity of optical
700MB - 50GB
401
branch if zero or positive instruction
BRP
402
Memory Address register (MAR)
stores the address of instructions and data that need to be fetched from or sent to memory
403
Advantages of using byte code interpreters
- Achieve platform independence
| - Acts as an extra security layer between program and computer
404
Bus topology advantages
Inexpensive to set up
Devices can easily be added
Good for small networks
405
pipelining disadvantages
only good if you can predict subsequent instructions. If the wrong instruction is fetched it has to be thrown away wasting time.
406
create a new table SQL
CREATE TABLE tblName
407
Why is paging not efficient
it does not take into account what the instructions in each page are doing
408
What is a mask?
A mask allows you to isolate, extract, toggle and set bit values in a sequence of bits.
409
Clock speed Unit
Hertz (usually gigahertz)
410
Port
A port is used to alert a specific application to deal with data sent to a computer. These are used by protocols to specify what data is being sent.
411
Buses
the communication channels between the CPU and the memory and other components.
412
Flash
multimedia platform for creating and displaying graphics (replaced by HTML5)
413
Inserting items into a binary search tree:
look at each node starting at the root. If the new value is less than the value at the node, move left otherwise move right. Repeat this for each node arrived at until there is no node. Insert a new node at this point and enter the data.
414
What does ASCII stand for
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
415
Negatives of Symmetric encryption
There is a security risk as the key may be intercepted or the process of creating the key may be duplicated meaning the data can be decrypted by a third party.
416
unordered list
417
Non pre-emptive algorithms
- First come first serve
| - shortest job first
418
Benefits of asymmetric
- no movement of keys, more secure
| - can be used for digital signatures
419
data storage instruction
DAT
420
binary search tree
dynamic data structure which can grow and shrink during a programs execution. It allows for efficient sorting, searching and retrieval of data.
a binary tree can have 0, 1, or 2 children only.
421
Optical storage disadvantages
slow access speed
the surface of the disk degrades over time
scratches can corrupt data
422
What does an OS provide?
- User interface
- Memory Management
- Interrupt handling
- Processor scheduling
423
writing to a file
myFile = openWrite(“sample.txt”)
myFile.writeLine(“Hello World”)
myFile.close()
424
Why Do RISC processors result in increased battery life
- smaller instruction set
- fewer transistors/ less complex circuitry
- less power required
425
Negatives of increasing clock speed
more heat generated meaning computers must be cooled (either with heat sync/fan or water/oil cooling)
426
Timer Interrupts
Triggered regularly by a timer, to indicate that it is the turn of the next process to have processor time- this allows for multi tasking
427
AND
if both inputs are true the output is true else the output is false
428
Method
a subroutine associated with an object
429
Wide Area Network (WAN:
a method of connecting remote computers or networks. Typically made up of smaller LANs which have been connected together.
430
ROM
non-volatile read only memory embedded into the motherboard of a computer and used to hold important instructions the computer needs for starting up
431
examples of system software
Operating system, Utility Program, Library Program, Translators.
432
why can assembly code for one processor not work for another processor
each type of processor has its own unique instruction set
433
Device drivers are...
hardware dependent and OS specific
434
Database
Databases are structured, persistent collections of data.
435
Uses of RISC
used in most smart phones and tablets based around an ARM processor
436
boot up process of a computer
- POST is run
- clears anything in the registers
- loads the address of the first instruction of the boot program into the PC
- the boot program checks for start-up instructions on the BIOS
- The OS kernel is loaded
437
What is bitwise manipulation useful for?
- Compression Algorithms
- networks (protocols. routing packets)
- multiplication and division
438
Wireless Access Point
use wireless to connect a node to a WiFi network avoiding the need for lots of physical caballing
439
X∧1=
1
440
fixed point binary
positive of the binary point is fixed on the number line
441
preorder traversal
1. Visit the root
2. Traverse the left sub-tree
3. Traverse the right-sub-tree
442
Parallel processing/concurrent processing
multiple processors working at the same time
443
Agile Modelling
- Methodology which stages of software are not completed in a linear sequence
- Throughout the process feedback is obtained which changes the software
- It is a smaller version of spiral
444
Advantages of the spiral model
- good from projects with high levels of risk
| - suitable for large scale problems
445
benefits of symmetric
- encrypted very quickly
| - simple and easy
446
Co-processor
a processor designed for specific purposes which can carry out specialised tasks more quickly than a regular microprocessor. execute concurrently with the main CPU
447
width CSS property
width
448
advantage of normalisation
it stores the most accurate version of that number.
449
Load instruction
LDA
450
while loop pesudocode
while condition=
code
endwhile
451
Virtual storage
(cloud storage) when data is stored over the internet on cloud storage instead of on local storage device
452
Von neumann architechture
- instructions and data share the same memory space
- instructions and data served by the same system bus
- instructions and data are stored in the same format
- single CU and ALU
453
Disjunction
OR
454
Procedural programming languages
programming languages where the user gives step by step instructions of what to do
455
automated decision making
computers make decisions and take actions based on sets of pre-defined rules and parameters without human involvement
456
compression
programs which attempt to reduce the amount of physical space that files take up when they're stored
457
system bus
collective term for address, data and control bus
458
RIPA year
2000
459
Flat File
single table database. It is inefficient as it is difficult to query and leads to data redundancy which can cause errors.
460
Shortest remaining time (SRT)
The ready queue is sorted on the estimated time to complete the process. If the remaining time of a running process is longer than a new process the new process will be moved to the running state
461
Bitwise shifts can be used ...
to change numbers quickly
462
digital signature
hash total is encrypted using the users private key. If the receiver can decryptit using the senders public key they know that the message is authentic
463
Uses of Multi-user operating systems
schools and offices
464
censorship
the deliberate supression of material, either in the form of what can be published or what can be accessed
465
Benefits of high level code (over assembly)
- optimisers may make code more efficient
- intuitive and easier to write
- can be recompiled for different architechtures
- less code is written (shorter programs)
466
Internal css vs external css
internal is within the document external is linked to html code
467
inorder traversal
1. Traverse left sub-tree
2. Visit the root
3. Traverse the right sub-tree
468
Syntax analysis
(stages of compilation stage 2)
the syntax is checked against the rules and an abstract syntax tree is created
if any code breaks the syntax rules an error is generated
469
Condition between two values SQL
WHERE x BETWEEN a AND B
470
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act
gives certain bodies the right to monitor communications and internal activity. It was made due to modern threats from criminals and terrorist organizations.
471
flip flop logic gates
Two NAND gates with two inputs. The result of of each is the second input for the other.
472
Benefits of assembly code (over high level)
- efficient as the code is more specifc
- direct control of hardware
- good if no compilers/interpreters installed
- good if limited memory
473
DIV
integer division (rounds down)
474
Round robin (RR)
each process is allocated a specific amount of time known as a time slice or quantum. if a process is not complete at the end of the time slice it returns to the back of the queue, so the next process can have its turn.
475
Pre-emptive algorithms
- Round Robin
- Shortest Remaining Time
- Multi-level feedback queue
476
Multi-level feedback queue
uses multiple queues based of the priority of the process.
477
Uses of Hashing
- generating disk address
| - storing and checking passwords
478
postorder traversal
1. Traverse the left sub-tree
2. Traverse the right sub-tree
3. Visit the root
479
full image tag
480
Requirements specification
A document listing all the functionality the system should have
481
X∧¬X=
0
482
external storage examples
DVDs, CDs, Blue-ray, USB pens, SD card, Portable solid state drive, Mass storage tape, cloud storage.
483
Meta tags, keywords, descriptions
Search engines look for this to find the content that matches your search
484
the tag to include JavaScript code
485
Absorbtion Law AND
```
A∨(A∧B) = A
X OR (X AND Y) is the same as X
```
486
iteration
do a set of statements again and again (looping)
487
delete rows of a table
DELETE
FROM
WHERE
488
Bottleneck data bus
A wider bus can transmit larger values/ more bits per instruction
489
Encapsulation
the protection of attributes and methods of an object so that they can't be accessed or altered by other objects. (keyword - private)
490
Where is RAD used?
good for when the project requirements aren't completely clear from the outset
491
Multi-user operating system
more than one user is able to use the computer at one time. The operating system manages user preferences. Tis is often used for servers.
492
Subclass
the new class which inherited from the superclass
493
condition controlled time
repeat a set number of statements until a condition is met
494
mantissa
the actual number you want to store
495
Application Programming Interface (API)
a set of tools that can be used for building software applications.
496
Where is extreme programming used?
good for when the requirements change
497
Algorithm for insertion into a stack
1. Check to see if the stack is full
2. If the stack is full report error and stop
3. Increment the stack pointer
4. Insert new data item into location pointed to by the stack pointer and stop
498
Accumulator
stores the result of calculations made by the ALU
499
scheduler
A program that manages the amount of time different processes have in the CPU
500
Control Unit
Control Unit is a register in the CPU that controls and co-ordinates the activity of the CPU. Control signals are sent along the control bus between the control unit and the other components of the computer.
501
```
The individual parts of the list
502
example uses of flip flops
- in registers
| - static RAM
503
distributed operating systems
combing the processing power of multiple computers for a single task across a network. The OS controls and co-ordinates the computers, presenting it to the user as if it were a single system.
504
heading text
505
Spiral Model
- designed to try and manage risk. made of four stages:
1. determine objectives
2. Identify and resolve risks
3. development and testing
4. plan next iteration
506
Antivirus utility software
programs which help to detect and remove malicious programs which are often designed to harm the computer.
507
ROM acronym
read only memory
508
segmentation
when memory is split up however the logical divisions of a program are kept together, rather than having fixed page sizes
509
CSV (Comma Separated Value)
A text file/format with values separated by
| commas
510
Backing Up
programs which allow for manual or automatic backing up of files onto another disk, on the existing computer system, to a removable device such as DVDs or CDs, to a network file server or to a cloud based storage system online
511
order of main HTML tags
512
RAM
fast read-write volatile memory that stores the data and programs the computer is currently using e.g. OS, Programs currently in use, data that the programs are accessing
513
Memory write signal
causes data on the data bus to be written into the addressed location in RAM
514
Purpose of Compression
1. Reduce download times
2. Reduce requirements on file storage
3. Make best use of bandwidth
515
PDF
portable document format, to display documents exactly as intened
516
d page rank
The damping factor to prevent the rest of the equation from having too much influence
517
¬(¬A) =
A
518
relationship between the DNS server and IP addresses
a registered domain name is held on the DNS server. The corresponding IP address to a searched domain name is loaded on the users computer.
519
Worm
A Worm is a standalone program that does not require a user to run it in order for it to spread.
520
Disadvantages of the waterfall model
- The absence of user feedback
- not suitable for large projects
- Requirements must be very well understood
521
positives of multiple cores
may speed up processing
522
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Carries out calculations and logic (Comparisons of binary)
523
Control signals
- Memory read
- memory write
- bus request
- clock signal
524
by default how are parameters passed?
by value
525
Boolean
Any true/ false data types which often represent logical situations
526
closed source software
software which is supplied pre-compiled. The source code is not available and often copyrighted, also known as proprietary software
e.g. microsoft word
527
GIF
graphics interchange format, lossless compressed image file format
528
Transport Layer
(2) Makes and breaks connections with routers
529
Registers
Registers are small storage locations used to hold data temporarily. They have high read and write speeds.
530
Deleting an item in a hash table:
1. Feed in key to hash function
2. Go directly to array index (HashValue)
3. If the value is equal to the value you’re searching for then mark as empty
4. Else follow the linked list in sequence until you find the value then mark as empty and update the free pointer in the linked list.
531
persistent
the data remains for as long as its required
532
Transaction Processing
Transaction processing is any information processing which is divided into individual, indivisible operations each operation must secede or fail as a complete unit.
533
Order Queried data SQL
ORDER BY
534
Where is the spiral model used?
Used in large scale projects
535
MAN
metropolitan area network
536
need for secondary storage
Can retain contents when the computer's power is turned off. This includes the Hard drive, optical media and solid state storage.
537
reading from a file
myFile = openRead(“sample.txt”)
x = myFile.readLine()
myFile.close()
538
Camera/eye tracker
Move/blink to send signal
539
Object
Instance of a class
540
immutable
structure and data cannot be changed at runtime
541
relational databases
multiple tables linked together
542
data bus width
same as the computers word size
543
indexing
used to quickly access and locate data in a table
544
When is Bitwise ANDing useful?
useful for TCP/IP and routing
545
nodes with no sub-nodes
leaf-nodes or terminal nodes
546
Check if an attribute is similar to a given value SQL
LIKE
547
Decode
The contents of the CIR are sent to the CU and divided. The Opcode tells you the instruction to be carried out and the operand stores the address of any data which might be needed, the operand is sent to the MAR and the data is fetched from memory and stored in the MDR
548
Loaders (dynamic linking)
compiled versions of libraries are stored by the computer and the operating system links the code directly into the program when it is needed reducing the size of programs. Loaders are needed to include or load the libraries into memory ready for use.
549
composite key
A composite key is a combination of two or more columns in a table that can be used to uniquely identify a row.
550
Advantages to Peer-to-peer networking
- Cheap
- Enables users to share resources
- not difficult to maintain
551
assignment operator
single equals, sets the value on the right equal to the value on the left
552
Interrupt register
generates and detects interrupts
553
constructor method
signified by the key word new, initiated instantiation
554
lexical analysis
(stages of compilation stage 1)
white space is removed
remaining code is turned into tokens
a symbol table is created (including variables, data types and scope)
555
Isolation
a transaction must not be able to be interrupted by anther transaction. The transaction must occur in isolation so that other users or processes cannot have access to the data concerned.
556
assembly language
a low level language represented by mnenomics which represents the machine code.
557
more bits in the exponent...
improves the range but reduces accuracy
558
constant
name used to refer to a fixed value. The value is set when the code is written and cannot change while the program is running
559
RISC advantages
very simple hardware/circuitry less silicon needed
each instruction is a single machine cycle therefore pipelining can be used to improve performance
lower energy consumption (can go into sleep mode)
560
collision (hash table)
when the same hash value is given by two different keys
561
advantages of Client-Server
- User IDs, passwords and access levels centrally controlled
- Backup is centralised and usually automated
- No access to other users’ files
562
breadth first traversing
It starts at the root node, and visits all of the neighbor nodes at the present depth prior to moving on to the nodes at the next depth level.
563
negative of increasing cache size
expensive
564
Multitasking operating system
can run multiple programs simultaneously
565
defines a form that is used to collect user input
566
function
a sub-routine that make take one or more parameters and ALWAYS returns a value
567
Full adder inputs/outputs
inputs: the two bits to add, the previous carry bit
outputs: the result, the carry
568
string
any combination of letters, symbols, numbers, characters or control characters e.g. Hello, £4.56
569
magnetic storage examples
magnetic tape, floppy disks hard disk drives
570
optical storage
data is written to the surface of a reflective disk using pits (depressions) and lands. A laser beam passes over the surface of a land and the light beam reflected back is interpreted as binary values.
571
Uses of the internet
communication, information, entertainment, education, financial transactions, controlling devices
572
tags
mark out elements on a web page to indicate to a browser how to display or process an element
573
Gateway
A Gateway is required where data is travelling from one network to another using different protocols
574
clustering
when you store the data in the next available space of a hash table increasing the chance of collisions
575
Distrubuted Operating Systems
allows multiple computers to work together on a single task
576
Positives of increasing clock speed
you can carry out more instructions in a given time; improved performance
577
priority
given to an interrupt to determine how fast they are executed
578
normalising:
| moving the point to the right
- exponent
579
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol – used by web servers and browsers to transfer webpages.
580
operand
the data the instruction applies to
581
Star Topology advantages
Easy to isolate problems
Good performance
More secure is a switch is used a data is sent only to the recipient
582
Distribution LAW (OR)
```
A∧(B∨C)=(A∧B)∨(A∧C)
A AND (B OR C) is the same as (A AND B) OR (A AND C)
```
583
depth first traversing
follows one path down to a child node, it the visits this then backtracks to the next level then moves down to the next child node.
584
Solid-State storage advantages
Durable
No moving parts
fast access time
585
application software
any software which allows a user to carry out a task on a computer
586
Assembly code
A set of simple instructions displayed as Mneumonics which is unique for each processor/hardware.
587
Internet Layer
(3) provides links across different network types.
588
magnetic storage
where metal disks called platters are magnetised. a read-write head moves very close to the platter and is able to detect and modify the magnetic properties of the platter.
589
computer program
a series of instructions that are executed one after another.
follow the pattern: INPUT -> PROCESS -> OUTPUT
590
Bus Topology
an arrangement where nodes are connected to a central communication channel. Each end of the backbone is connected to a terminator. Each node is passive and data is sent in one direction at a time only
591
Software interrupts
- Arithmetic overflow
| - Illegal instruction encountered
592
Advantages of extreme programming
- Acknowledge user input
- Useful for when there is a danger of getting sidetracked by suggested improvements
- cost and time saving
- constant feedback
- Has a very high emphasis on programming so quality of end code likely to be very high.
593
Where is agile methodologies used?
large projects where there is a lot of collaboration
594
random files
which allow you to access any item without having to search through the file from the start
595
Foreign key
a foreign key is a field in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table
596
Circuit Switching
Circuit Switching: a complete circuit or route between two nodes is established before transmission begins. Once the rout is established all data follows this route until transmission is complete.
597
assembler
converts low level assembly language directly into machine code.
this is a one to one relationship and is processor specific
598
Why is it necessary to have a variety of programming languages?
- different languages suit different jobs
| - developers prefer certain languages
599
Record/Tuple
the rows (a data set that applies to one item)
600
inorder dot
below
601
FTP
File Transfer Protocol – Used by clients and servers to upload and download files across the internet
602
switch/case pseudocode
```
switch condition:
case “A”:
code
case “B”:
code
default:
code
endswitch
```
603
interrupt service routine
when the processor receives an interrupt and must stop what its doing in order to service the interrupt and run that code.
604
polling
the CPU checks with each device if it needs its attention.
| This is inefficient and wastes time as some devices will not want attention when called upon.
605
Router
devices which are used to connect networks. they receive data packets from one network and based on the address on the packet forward them of
606
styling of elements CSS
h1{
color:blue;
}
607
MAC Address
identifier that is permanently added to a device by the manufacturer
608
dense graph
A graph which has more edges in relation to vertices
609
delete full tables SQL
DROP TABLE table_name;
610
device driver
software that tells the operating system how it can communicate with a device
611
Searching for an item in a linked list:
1. Set the pointer to the start value
2. Repeat:
a. Go to node (pointer value)
b. If the data at the node is the search item
i. Output the data and stop
c. Else
i. Set the pointer to the value of the next item pointer at the node
d. Until pointer = 0
3. Output data not found
612
Run Length Encoding
Run length encoding is used when there is repeated redundant data. It stores the item once and then an index with how often the item is repeated.
613
Phishing
Phishing is using email to manipulate a victim into visiting a fake website and giving away personal information.
614
Control Bus
A bi-directional bus to transmit command, timing and specific status information between system components
615
Rapid application Development
- user is shown a prototype and gives feedback to inform how the prototype is further developed until the final project is complete
616
Emulators
provide an illusion to a user/program that it is running on its native hardware when in fact it is on an entirely different machine
617
purpose of operating systems: providing a user interface
allowing users to interact with applications. This may be graphical (GUI and WIMP), menu driven or command line
618
The Waterfall Lifecycle Model
- a sequence of stages. each stage can only start after the previous one is complete.
- it possible to go back stages however you can't skip ahead
- user involved once at the beginning
619
Uses of symmetric encryption
Used when the same person is accessing and saving data e.g. for backing up
620
breadth first traversing uses a
queue
621
Disadvantages of a client-server network
- expensive to install and manage
| - professional IT staff are needed to maintain
622
Pagerank equation
PR(A) = (1-d) + d (PR(T1))/C(T1) + ... + PR(Tn)/C(Tn))
623
Client-Server Model:
one device (the client) requests services from another device (the server).
624
Flip Flop use
used as a memory cell to store the state of a bit
625
count controlled loops
repeat a set number of statements a fixed number of times
626
how does circular shifting work?
you shift either way and the left over bit circles back around to the beginning.
627
BIOS acronym
Basic Input Output System
628
border colour CSS property
border-color
629
∧
AND (*)
630
Special pupose application software
A software that preforms single specific tasks. e.g. payroll, hotel booking systems or browser software
631
Distribution LAW (AND)
```
A∨(B∧C)= (A∨B)∧(A∨C)
A OR (B AND C) is the same as (A OR B) AND (A OR C)
```
632
magnetic storage negatives
slow access speed
| moving parts make it vunerable
633
index sequential files
for very large data sets the order of the index is maintained so the data can be accessed in an order
634
What are the two most common character sets?
ASCII and Unicode
635
Why are protocols Important
allows computers to communicate by ensuring all devices follow rules so they interpret signals in the same way
636
Data Protection act
sets out requirements for the control or storage of individuals personal data.
In a company the data controller has to control the processing and storage of data based on the data subject.
637
virtual memory disadvantages
it is not efficient.
time is spent relocating part so program to the hard disk meaning there is less execution taking place, this is known as disk thrashing.
the CPU can't execute instructions from the Hard disk so instructions must be bought back which is slow and wastes time
638
Full adder
combines two half adders, used to add a series of bits
639
Real-time operating systems
used in safety critical environments such as air crafts or hospital equipment. processes are guaranteed to be executed in a known time frame, there is plenty of redundancy built in so that the system can handle unusual interrupts. The processors never run at capacity.
640
A∨ ¬A =
1
641
optical storage examples
CDs, DVDs, Blue-ray disks
642
subtract instruction
SUB
643
similarities between paging and segmentation
both allow programs to run despite insufficient memory
both pages and segments are stored in a disk
both pages and segments are transferred into memory when needed
644
queue data structure
A queue is known as a FIFO structure. A pair of pointers is used to point to the front and back of the queue. If an item is popped from the queue the front pointer points to the item being popped. If an item is pushed onto a queue the tail pointer increments by one and points to the new end of queue.
645
Formats of data
- CSV (Comma Separated Value)
- XML (eXstensible Markup Language)
- SQL (Structured Query Language)
646
DPA year
1998
647
Network
an interconnected set of devices
648
Bitwise ORing ...
sets a subset of the bits in the value
you use 1s where you want to set values and 0s when you want to leave them alone
649
Aims of scheduling
- to provide an acceptable response time to all users
- To maximise the time the CPU is usefully engaged
- To ensure fairness on a multi-user system
650
IP
Internet Protocol – used to transfer all packets across the internet between routers
651
output instruction
OUT
652
Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules relating to the communication between devices.
653
Advantages of self driving cars
- safer than a human driver (due to quicker reaction
speeds etc.).
- cheaper as no wage to cover.
- less likely to make mistakes with route
654
Paging
Memory is split up into physical sections which are all the same fixed size
655
background colour CSS property
background-color
656
hardware interrupts
power/reset button is pressed
| memory parity error (corrupt memory)
657
Masks can be used ...
to set and toggle specific bits in a larger sequence.
658
Disadvantages of Peer-to-peer networking
- used for torrent downloading
| - When they all want to be used at once it becomes difficult to share resources
659
immediate addressing
when the value in the operand is the actual value to be used. this means the memory does not need to be searched
660
stages of compilation
Lexical analysis
syntax analysis
code generation code optimisation
661
Traversing data from linked lists:
1. Set the pointer to the start value
2. Repeat:
a. Go to the node
b. Output the data at the node
c. Set the pointer to the value of the next item pointer at the pointer
d. until pointer = 0
662
Library Programs (System Software)
contains useful functions that are frequently used by programs. Simplifies the process of application development.
663
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol – used with IP to ensure error free transmission and package switching
664
Exclusive Disjunction
XOR
665
Libraries
pre-compiled pre-tested sets of code, often with hundreds of ready to use routines available to the programmer.
666
procedure OO pseudocode
public procedure
code
endprocedure
667
X∨1 =
X
668
Feasibility study
the initial investigation that determines whether a project is viable before time and resources are invested into it
669
Web Forms
Enable websites to collect user input. Javascript is used to add behaviours to the script
670
Insert data into a table SQL
INSERT INTO tblName
671
Data redundancy
the unnecessary duplication of data in a database. When updates occur, all the instances of a data item must be changed. This leads to errors and also wastes storage space.
672
Positives of increasing cache size
less time fetching data; improved performance
673
role of JavaScript
the code interactivity into webpages
674
Disadvantages of self driving cars
- May not be able to understand natural speech.
- May be limited in terms of the roads on which it
can operate.
- Vulnerable to hacking.
- Only as good as the program running it – a bug in
the code could cause catastrophic accidents.
- May prioritise safety of pedestrians over that of
the passenger. (e.g. may take actions that may
put the passenger at risk to save the lives of
numerous people outside the car.)
- No discussion possible with the driver / no
"human presence" to reassure nervous
customers.
675
fetch decode execute cycle
```
PC
MAR
Address Bus
Memory
Data bus
MDR
CIR
Decode Unit
```
676
font CSS property
font-family
677
Variable length fields
an element may use a different number of bytes to another element for example a different number of characters.
Means it only uses the necessary amount of storage
678
two types of software
system and application
679
CSS class
DOT
.infoBox{
background-color: green;
}
680
virtual machine
Where software is used to take on the function of the machine, including executing code or running an OS within another to emulate e.g. when you install windows on OSX
681
Fetch
1. The address of the next instruction is copied from the PC to the MAR
2. The fetch signal is sent across the control bus. The content of the MAR are transferred across the address bus.
3. The contents of the memory location stored in the MAR are sent across the data bus and stored in the CIR
4. the PC increments by 1
682
Client-Server Networking
One or more computers know as clients are connected to a more powerful central computer known as the server
683
compiler
converts high level code to object code.
| this is a one to many relationship and means programs can be distributed without the source code
684
storage device
any computer hardware used for temporary or permanent storage of data. They can be internal or external to a computer.
685
indirect addressing
where the operand contains the address which contains the address where the value can be found.
useful because it means that the larger addresses in memory can be used to store data.
686
nodes lower than the root node
children
687
update attribute SQL
SET
688
turing complete
a programming language is able to solve all the problems a computer is able to solve.
689
flip flop clock diagrams
on each rising edge of the clock change the result to whatever the input is (it may not need changing)
690
Serial files
* Permanent storage of data
* Data is stored in the order in which it was entered
* No order to the data is maintained
* Useful for storing transactional data and initialisation files
691
positives of computers in the workplace
more effective communications
removal of humans in construction processes
shifting skill sets
692
insert items into a table
INSERT INTO table_name (column....)
| VALUES (value...)
693
layered operating system
each layer only interacts with the layer next to it
user -> application -> operating system -> hardware
694
add instruction
ADD
695
get the substring
stringname.subString(startingPosition, numberOfCharacters)
696
Database Management System
software that handles the data that is stored in secondary storage.
697
SQL similar elements
LIKE
698
What determines the format of a machine code instruction
- the word size
| - the width of the address bus
699
branch always instruction
BRA
700
Timestamp ordering
every object has a read timestamp and a write timestamp meaning if the read timestamps are not the same the DBMS knows another user has accessed the same object
701
Processor Scheduling
The OS can queue up processes for the CPU to make the most efficient use of the computer which gives the illusion of multitasking
702
SQL (Structured Query Language)
A language for creating/querying databases
703
3 programming constructs
sequence, selection, iteration
704
RAM acronym
Random Access Memory
705
limitations of arrays
they can only store one data type
| they're a static data structure
706
Benefits closed source software
- companies have a lot of resources providing security if the program doesn't work, service/support, and a more polished user friendly product
707
depth first traversing uses a
stack
708
Sequential Files
* Store data in order of a key field
| * The order is maintained when new records are added
709
four ways of addressing memory in a computer
immediate
direct
indirect
indexed
710
inheritance
enables new objects to take on the properties of existing objects
711
character
Any single letter, symbol, number, character or control character
712
SAN
storage area network
713
Domain Name System Server (DNS sever)
System thats stores names for IP addressees on a network
714
Uses of client-server networking
File Server holds and manages data for all clients
Print Server manages print requests
Web server manages requests to access the web
Mail server manages the email system
Database server manages database applications
715
Clock speed
Indicates the number of instructions the CPU can process per second.
716
MPEG
motion picture experts group, a compression standard for audio visual and data files
717
SQL query
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
718
file managers
programs which allow users to easily copy, delete, rename and modify files on a computer system
719
non key dependency
where the value of an attribute is determined by the value of another attribute which is not part of the key.
720
Attribute/field
the columns (describes the characteristics of each record)
