paper 1

Question 1

Describe what is meant by the term eukaryotic

Answer 1

A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane.

Question 2

What 3 organelles are present in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Answer 2

cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

Question 3

What do bacterial cells have instead of a nucleus?

Answer 3

The DNA is found in the nuceloid, a region with no membrane, or as a plasmid, a small circle of extra genetic information, floating right in the cytoplasm, the fluid that fills the cell.

Question 4

What is the equation to calculate magnification?

Answer 4

magnification = image size / actual size

Question 5

What is the equation to calculate image size?

Answer 5

magnification = image size / actual size

Question 6

Why do you stain cells before looking at them under the microscope?

Answer 6

To enhance visualization of the cell or certain cellular components

Question 7

Define the term specialised cell

Answer 7

cells that have developed certain characteristics to perform a particular function

Question 8

What are the 6 types of specialised cells you need to know?

Answer 8

Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, root hair cells, phloem and xylem cells

Question 9

How many chromosomes are there in a human cell?

Answer 9

46

Question 10

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 10

Growth, DNA replication, mitosis

Question 11

Describe the individual steps in mitosis

Answer 11

1) The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
2) The 2 arms are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell
3) The nucleus divides
4) Each set of chromosomes becomes the new nucleus of the cell
5) The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
6) A new cell is created

Question 12

What is a stem cell?

Answer 12

Cells that have not yet differentiated into different types of cells

Question 13

Why are there ethical issues surrounding stem cells?

Answer 13

Some people think embryos shouldn’t be researched because they could be human life.

Question 14

What are meristem cells used for in plants?

Answer 14

A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.

Question 15

Define the term diffusion

Answer 15

Diffusion is the spreading out of cells from an area of high concentration to lower concentration

Question 16

Define the term osmosis

Answer 16

Osmosis it the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a high concentration to lower concentration

Question 17

Define the term active transport

Answer 17

Substances being absorbed from a lower concentration to a higher concentration - against the concentration gradient.

Question 18

Give 2 examples of where active transport occurs

Answer 18

Root hair cells and in blood

Question 19

How can you observe the effect of sugar solutions on plant tissues

Answer 19

Using a microscope

Question 20

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange

Answer 20

Very thin, loads of them, large surface area

Question 21

Define the term tissue

Answer 21

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function

Question 22

What is an catalyst

Answer 22

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being used up or changed

Question 23

Describe the lock and key model

Answer 23

Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape. The substrate involved with the enzyme has to fit that specific shape.

Question 24

What enzyme breaks down proteins

Answer 24

Protease

Question 25

How would you test for a protein

Answer 25

Biuret test

Question 26

What would a positive result be for the iodine test

Answer 26

The colour of the solution would change from a browny-orange to a black or blue.

Question 27

How would you test for a lipid

Answer 27

The Sudan III test or ethanol

Question 28

What would a positive result be for the benedict's test

Answer 28

The solution would turn from a blue colour to green, yellow or brick red.

Question 29

Describe the path of a red blood cell in the left side of the heart

Answer 29

The blood would enter the left atrium via the pulmonary vein, be pumped out of the left ventricle through the aorta back to the body

Question 30

Describe the structure of an artery

Answer 30

Strong, elastic, muscly, travel away from the heart, carry high pressure blood

Question 31

Describe the structure of a vein

Answer 31

Thinner walls, have valves, travel towards the heart, low pressure blood

Question 32

Explain the functions of the 4 components of blood

Answer 32

Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, platelets help blood clot, plasma carries all the blood

Question 33

What is a coronary artery

Answer 33

An artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood

Question 34

How can you reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

Answer 34

Eat healthy, exercise

Question 35

Give 3 examples of both communicable and non-communicable diseases

Answer 35

1) chicken pox, flu, cold | 2) cancer, parkinsons, diabetes

Question 36

What is a non-cancerous tumor called

Answer 36

Benign

Question 37

Why are malignant tumors life threatening

Answer 37

They get into healthy tissues and form secondary tumours

Question 38

Describe the function of a xylem cell

Answer 38

transport water from roots to leaves

Question 39

What is translocation

Answer 39

Movement from one place to another

Question 40

Describe how viruses reproduce

Answer 40

The virus injects its nucleic acid into the cell. The nucleic acid takes over the normal operation of the host cell and produces multiple copies of the virus's protein coat and nucleic acid.

Question 41

What are 2 types of bacterial diseases and how are they passed on

Answer 41

Salmonella through raw food, gonorrhea though unprotected sex

Question 42

What is malaria spread by

Answer 42

Malaria is spread by mosquitos which carry the Plasmodium protist.

Question 43

How does our immune system attack pathogens?

Answer 43

Phagocytes and lymphocytes kill the pathogens

Question 44

How do vaccinations protect from future infection

Answer 44

the wbc's already have antibodies against the illness

Question 45

What are 3 drugs that come from plants and what plants do they come from

Answer 45

Aspirin from willow bark, digitalis from foxgloves, opium from poppys

Question 46

How do new drugs become available

Answer 46

They are tested loads

Question 47

What is the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 47

carbon dioxide + water (light) —> glucose + oxygen

Question 48

How do plants use glucose

Answer 48

- to make cell walls - turned into starch and stored - for respiration

Question 49

What is metabolism

Answer 49

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Question 50

What are the equations for anaerobic respiration in humans and plants

Answer 50

For humans - glucose -> lactic acid | for plants - glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 51

glucose symbol

Answer 51

c6h12o6

Question 52

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 52

Release energy | Aerobic respiration

Question 53

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 53

Make protein