PAPER 1 Flashcards
(71 cards)
Bones at the shoulder
Scapula, humerus, clavicle
Bones at the elbow
Humerus, radius, ulna
Bones at the knee
Femur, tibia, patella
Bones at the ankle
Tibia, fibula, talus
How does the skeletal system work alongside the muscular
The skeletal system serve to protect the body’s organ and support the weight of the body and give shape. The muscular system attaches muscles to bone, pulling on them to allow movement of the body
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Allows movement and makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores movement
Main muscles in the body
Deltoid, biceps, triceps, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, abdominals, pectorals, rotator cuff, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus,
How the major muscles and muscle groups work antagonistically to produce movement
Muscles transfer force to bones through tendons. One muscle of the pair contracts to move the body part, the other muscles in the pair contracts to return the body part back to original position. (Antagonist pair)
Types of joints at the elbow and type of movement
Synovial joint
Connects upper arm to the forearm
Types of joints at the knee and type of movement
Hinge, synovial joint
Allows for flexion and extension
Types of joints at the shoulder and type of movement
Ball and socket synovial joint
Types of joints at the ankle and type of movement
Hinge joint, synovial
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion on the foot
Key components of the structure of synovial joint
Articular capsule - surrounds the joint
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
How the synovial joint can prevent injury
Ends of the bones are covered with cartilage which cushions the joint and prevents friction and wear and tear between bone ends. Cartilage is soft, connective tissue. The articular capsule prevents wear and tear on the bones
Pathway of air (mouth to alveoli)
Nose/mouth->Trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
How gaseous exchange takes places and example that assist the process
Takes place in the millions of alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries. Inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the. Look in the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves form the blood into the capillaries to the air in the alveoli
How the intercostal muscles, rib cage and diaphragm assist in breathing (inhaling, exhaling)
These press the abdominal organs upwards into the diaphragm, reducing the volume. The internal intercostal muscles can therefore assist in lowering the rib cage, adding force to exhalation
Four chambers of the heart
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
Valves in the heart and importance of them
The valves prevent back flow of blood. These valves are flaps that are located on each end of the two ventricles
What diastole is
Phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
What systole is
Phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
Pathway of blood and how it changes from deoxygenated to oxygenated
The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the organs of the body. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava. Blood moves into the left ventricle. Blood is pumped into the aorta, which carries oxygenated blood around the body.
What cardiac output is
Volume of blood being pumped by the heart, by the left and right ventricle
What stroke volume is
Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction
