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scienice > paper 1 biology > Flashcards

paper 1 biology Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you grow

A

amino acids used to build protein

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2
Q

what do the villi do

A

absorb the neccesary things from the small intestine

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3
Q

the liver does what?

A

use glucosen and turn it into glycagon because of the insulin released

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4
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

turn gylocogen to glucose

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5
Q

what does the ph of 7 show the stomach is

A

its acidic

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6
Q

what does diffusion happen through?

A

a membrane

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7
Q

how is small intestine designed for absorption

A

alot of villi and micro villi on them - good blood supply
very long
villi -thin membrane - short diffusion

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8
Q

if some molecules cant be absorbed by diffusion in small intestine they re asorbed

A

by active transport

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9
Q

what is starch broken down by and what into

A

amylase
glucose

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10
Q

where can the enzyme protease be found?

A

stomach , pancreas , small intestine

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11
Q

where is strach found

A

saliva and pancreatic fluid

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12
Q

where do we find lipase

A

in the pancratic fluid and small intestine

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13
Q

bile helps to speed up the digestion of lipids
T or F

A

T

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14
Q

What does bile do and how does this affect it?

A

large lipid droplets into smaller lipid droplets
increasing surface area of lipid droplets and breakdown

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15
Q

process of making antibodies

A

injecting a specific antigen into a mouse
mouse lymphocyte produces antibodies specific to antigen
antibodies then fused with cancer cells to form a hybrodima
these cells divide and produce monoclonal antibodies

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16
Q

what type of circulatory system do fish have

A

single circulatory system

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17
Q

pathway of blood in fish and oxy or deoxy

A

heart - gills -organs
deoxygenated , oxygenated collects o2 and
diffuse out of blood and into body cell

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18
Q

problems with single circulatory system

A

blood travels slowly - loses pressure - travels to organs relatively slowlys

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19
Q

pathway of blood for humans

A

heart to lungs to heart to organs to heart and repeat

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20
Q

how does the heart move blood

A

the heart contracts

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21
Q

why is the left side thicker than the right side in the heart?

A

has to pump blood to the body whilst the right pumps to lungs

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22
Q

respiration is needed in muscles for what?

A

contraction

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23
Q

where is the pacemaker in the heart

A

in the right atrium

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24
Q

what is an artifical pacemaker and what does it do?

A

small electrical device that corrects irregularities in the heart

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25
why as temperature increases the activity of enzymes
enzyme and substrate are moving faster so more collisions per second between substrate and active site
26
what happens at optmuin temperature
maxium frequency for collisions has been reached
27
why does an enzyme become denatured?
the enzyme molecule vibrates causing a change in the active site
28
what happens if the enzyme is denature d
cant cataylse reaction
29
why is the p.h of 7 ideal for enzymes
too acidic or alkalie then it becomes denatured
30
enzymes have different what?
different optimun p.hs
31
how to test for sugar
fixed drops of benedict soultion - blue then put test tube into a beaker and half fill beaker with hot water in a kettle colour will tell us how much present green - small yellow - more brick red- alot wont work for sugaars that are non reducing
32
protien test
add biuret soultion turn from blue to lilac or pourple color
33
why do we not filter lipid
stick to filter paper
34
lipid test
add few drops of distilled water and ethanol to food soultion and gently shake the soultion if lipid present a cloudy emulsion forms
35
what are cardiovascular diseas?
non-communicalbe
36
conorary heart disease what is it and what happens
heart problem where fatty material builds in the arterty reducing flow of blood in arteries and lack of oxygen in heart muscle in extreme cases a heart attack when a heart is starved of oxygen
37
what do statins do advanatages and disadvanatges
slow down the rate fatty materials are built up in the blood effective cause liver problems
38
what is a stent adv and disadv
tube inserted into cohonary artey flow normmaly through artery doesent stop the underlying causes of the disease
39
valves that arent fully opened problems
enlarge heart as heart has to w ork extra hard to push blood through
39
problem with leaky valves
cause patient to feel weak and tired
40
advanate=ages and disadvanatages of meachinal valves
take antiblotting drugs increase risk of clotting last a lifetime
41
advantages ad disadvanatges of biological valves
dont last as long and need to be replaced dont need to take drugs
42
what is heart failure
whne the body cant pump enough blood around the body
43
how to treat heart failure problems
donated heart or lung and heart not enough and take drugs to stop rejection
44
why is artifical hearts used
replace temporarily - short time clotting is feasible allows for damaged heart to rest and until a new donated heart is available
45
protease break down what into what
protein into amino acids
46
pottasium helps to regulat what?
regulates the stomatoe
47
changes take place in genes leading to what?
uncontrolled growth of mitosis - tumor
48
benign tumors features
stay within their cell membrane dont spread and go to other areas of the body
49
malignant cells characteristics
invade tissues and move into bloodstream spread to different part and make new typestumors
50
types of inherited cancer
breast cancer
51
iving style
smoking alchol
52
natrual radaition
radon - cause mutations
53
functionn of the xylem
transport water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the leaves
53
what is transpiration
water evaporates from the surface of leaves
54
process of transpiration stream
evaporation of water inside the leaves diffuse through air spaces through spongy mesophyll and out through stomatoe water passes from the xylem into the leaf to replace the water that has been lost drawn into root cells and take up xylem
55
evaporation of water in transpiration does what?
cools the leaf down
56
factors affection transpiration
wind speed increases it temperature increases it dryer air increases it
57
during hot days the leaf closes stomatoe
stop water
58
risk for cardoivascular disease
diet high in fat
59
alchol effect on baby
fetal alchol syndrome - learning difficultie
60
alchol can lead to obesity which
leads to obesity and then type 2 diabetes
61
physical defence for plants
bark- barrier to stop micorganisms entering
62
plants chemical defence
release antibacterial chemical killing bacteria
63
mechanical defences for plants
thorns to stop them from being eaten imitate other plants like a stinging nettle
64
aphids do what to a plant
extract the nutrients stunting growth
65
how to identify plant disease
testing kits monoclonal antibodies and take to a lab
66
nitrate ion stuns what and why
growth needed for protein synthesis
67
a lack of magneisiu causes what
needed to make chlorphyll causes chlorosis
68
uses of monoclonal antivodies
used to find pathogens inbe blood and preganancy testing kits
69
process of making monoclonal antiboddies
inject antigen into a mouse extract the lymphoctye and then fuse with a tumor cell good at mitiosis so hybrodmia produces antibodies and let it divide
70
benefit of monoclonal antibodiess
target specific cell
71
who discovered pencilllin
aalexander flemming
72
what do white blood cells use to destroy pathogens
enzyme
73
what do antitoxins do
stick to toxins and stop from damaging cells
74
non specific defense
dead cells on outer layer stop pathogens from entering
75
nose hairs do what
trap the mucus stop entering lunf
76
symptons of salmonella
cramping
77
measals symtpon and how it spread
fever red rash and by sneezing and inhaling droplets
78
Hiv symtpon and how spread
flu like illness that dissapears
79
antiretroviral drugs do what
treat hiv by stopping thje virus from multplying insid e immune system take for rest of life std

scienice (7 decks)

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