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physichs paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

prefixes

A

tera - 10.12
giga-10.9
mega-10.6
kilo-10.3
centi-10-2
milli-10-3
micro-10-6
nano-10-9

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2
Q

internal energy

A

total kinetic and potential energy in an object

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3
Q

chemical energy

A

energy stored in bonds

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4
Q

magnetic energy

A

energy a magnetic object has when its near a magnetic field

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5
Q

electrostatic energy

A

energy a charged object has when it is near another charged object

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6
Q

what is electrical work

A

energy transferred by the flow of charge

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7
Q

rate of energy trasnfer through a material depends on what

A

thermal conducitivy of material
thicknes of material
difference in temp

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8
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of coal natural gas and oil

A

there is enough available to meet current demand
reliable

releas poulloutants
risk of oil spills

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9
Q

adv and disadv of nuclear fission

A

no poullutant ganses
reliable

diffficult to safely dispose of
its dangerous

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10
Q

adv and disadv of solar

A

chear to run
no poulloutant

not reliable
expensive to install

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11
Q

tidal adv and disadv

A

reliable as there always tides
large amount of energy
dependant on weather
damage marine habitats

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12
Q

hydroelectric adv and disadv

A

cheap to run
no fuel cost

destroy habitat
expensive to build

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13
Q

geothermal adv and disadv

A

cheap

limited locations to set up

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14
Q

biofuel adv and disadv

A

reliable
supply controlled dependant on demand

lead to deforestation
expensive

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15
Q

what electrical current

A

rate of flow of electrical charge

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16
Q

current is dependant on 2 things

A

resistance of component
potential difference of component

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17
Q

relationship of VIR equation

A

for a given p.d increasing resistance decreases current

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18
Q

do all resistors change current

A

no same stay same

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19
Q

ohmic conductor

A

at constant temperature the current is d.pp to the p.d

resistance remains constant as p.d increasess

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20
Q

filament lamp

A

as current increases filamnet gets hotter
as temperautr eof filamenet increases sod oes resistance

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20
Q

Diode

A

current only throws in d.p because resistance opposite is very high

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21
Q

resistance of an ldr is affected by

A

light intensity so as t increases the resistance will decrease
used for swithcing lights

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22
Q

Thermioster

A

resistance affected by temperature so as it increases resistance will decrease
used for thermostats

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23
Q

resistor practical

A

add ammeter in series
add voltmeter in parrallel
add bariable resistor in series
record p,d on voltmere and current on ammeter
use variable resistore to change p.d
record new values for pd and cjurrent
repeat process of changing pd using variable resistor
reverse power supply connections
repeat process of chanign pd using variable resistor
plot a graph of current against p.d

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24
in parralle circuits what happens to component
the p.d is same in each
25
why does adding resistors in parralele decreas total resistance
adds addition path for current flow through so more can flow even when pd is same
26
what is the frequences and pd in UK
50 Hz 230V
27
roles of brown- live wire earth- green and yellow wire neutral -blue
carries alternating p.d from mains safety wire stopping appliance from going live only carries current if fault completes circuit
28
why is a live wire dangerous
if you were tot ouch the live wire you could complete circuit as you are in contant with ground so you get electoruutedd
29
why are wrires coated in copper and plastic
good conducotr and insulator
30
danger of connection live wire to earth wire
circuiit complete causing electrocution or fires
31
what determined the amount of energy transferred in a appliance
powr amount of time its on
32
what is th e national grid
system of cables and transformers linking power station to homes and factories to transfer electrical power
33
role of a step up transformer
found between power station adn transmission cable increase p,d decrease current - increase efficient less heat lostn in heating during cable
34
role of step down transformer
foud between transmission cable and homes and factories decrease p.d to lower an dsafe value reduce risk of fire and electrical shocks
35
how does electrons move from one materila to another
due to friction
35
what do electrically charged objects do when brought close together
exert a force on each other
36
examples of static electricity
hair sticking up when removing a jumper dust being attracted to a tv screen
37
why does static electricity cause sparking
when a build of charge gets so big the electrosn jump across to make it neutral again causing a current flow which is flow of electrons which is the spark
38
hwy is sparking dangerous
caught fire near flammable material
39
how does lightning happen
ice crystals in air rub together fricition causes movement of electrons build of charge in cloud ground has no charge charge in cloud builds up alot so electrons jump to ground
40
how does a paint sprayer work
particals all have same charge repel each other spread out and give even coat car has opposite charge paint attracted to car ensure that back of car gets painted
41
what is an electrical field
a regions where charges experince a force
42
if field lines are too close together and what is the direction
always to negative and closer together - stronger field stronger force charges in field experince
43
field line points from positive plate to negative plate are what
parrallel
44
density practical
measure mass of object using top pan balance fill displace can to the point that the water is level wiht botoom of pipe place empty measuring cyclinde runder piper drop irregular shaped object into water carefull wait intil water stops leaving the displacement can measure the volume of the displaced water in cylig use equation to calculate density of object
45
pratical for normal shaped density
measure dimension of shape ruler for lengths venier caillpers for diameters measure mass with top pan balance calculate volume of shape using equation for volume use the equation of density for object
46
errors in finding density
incorrect set up of displaacement can different measring cylinders have diff resoultion
47
internal energY?
energy stored inside a system by the particals that make up the system equal to kinetic and potential energy of all particals making up system
48
temperature change is dependant on 3 things
mass of material energy put into system type of material
49
definition of specific heat capacity
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by one degree celsius
50
what happens to temp when substance changes stat
temp dont change however stored energy does and so internal energy does
51
specific latent heat definiion
energy requires to change state of 1 kilo of substance without changing temperature
52
what is specififc latent heat of vaporisation
change of state from liquid to vapour
53
specific latent heat of fusion
involves the change of state from a solid to a liquid
54
water melting and boiling point
boils at 100 degrees and melt at 0 degrees
55
how do particals move
randomly
56
why does pressure increases when temperature of a gas is increased
exert a greater total force which increases pressure so increasing temperaturen equals increasing pressure
57
how does a gas exert pressure on walls of container
gas particals collide with container exerting a force producing a net force at right angles to wall of container cause gas to be compressed or expanded - pressure changes
58
what is wrok
trasnfer of energy by a force
59
why does compressing a gas cause temp to increase
force applied to gas to compress it so work down on gas aas work down equals force times distance the energy the gas gains is not transferred to sourroundings fast enough increasing temoeraute
60
what happens if atom absourves electromagnetic radiation or emits
get excited move to higher energy level if emmited then it may go to lower
61
why do unstable nuclei emit radiation
become more stable
62
structures of alpha beta gamma
2 neutrons and protons fast moving electron ejected from nucleus electromagneti radiations emmited from nucleus
63
change in nucleus because of the radiation
nucleus loses 2 protosn and neutrons neutron decays into a proton and electron energy transferred away
64
what is activity and count rate
rate that an unstable nucleus decays number of decays recorderd per second by a detector
65
penetrating power, range in air and ionising power of all radiation alpha b g
stopped by paper less than 5cm high stop by 3mm 1 metre low stopped by lead more than km very low
66
what is half life
time it takes for count rate or activity of radiactive source to halve
67
calculate net delcine
reduction in activity divided by inital activity
68
difference sbetween contamination and irridation
radioactive as long as radiactive atoms on it doesent become radioactive very difficult to remove contamination removed or shielding added
69
how to protect against irridation and contamination
keep distance from radiation limit time of exposure to radioactive source wearing protective clothing
70
radiation dose is dependant on what and what are some sources
natrual source sare rocks and cosmic ray from space man made are nuclear accidents and nuclear fallout from test
71
usage of nuclear radiation in medicine
control or destruction of unwatned tissue
72
how is nuclear radiation used to explore internal organs
a gamma emmting tracer can be swallowed image created using gamma camera where tracer goes
73
how is nuclear radiation uses to destroy unwangted tissue
beams of gamma radiation focused on tumor to destroy but low on sourrounding tissue to mnimise radiation dose beam come from all directions maximising dose on tumor
74
what is released oin nuclear fission
gama ray and neutrons 2 lighter nuclei
75
why does nuclear fission occur
whnen the nucleus is very unstable
76
how nuclear fission is used in r nuclear reactors?
energy released during nuclear fission heats water water boils turning to steam steam turns aturbine turns a generator genering electricity
77
role of a graphite core
slows neutron so more likely to be absorbed by unstable nuclei
77
use of control rods
absorb neutrons and used to control speed of chain reaction
78
role of coolant
contains water which is heated and boiled and steam produced to turn generators generating electricity
79
process of nuclear fusion?
2 light nuclei join to form heavier nucleus like helium some mass can be converted into energy and transferred as form of radiation
80
where does nuclear fusion happens and why is energy needed for it to happen
occurs on sun and responsible for energy it gives out overcome repulsion between 2 positively charged nuclei

scienice (7 decks)

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