Paper 1 citations Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
The Great Acceleration 1950
60% of mammals are livestock
CO2 increased 30% and CH4 100%
Planetary boundaries - breached biosphere integrity, novel entities and biogeochemical flows
Climate change and land system change in uncertainty zone
A
Steffen et al. 2015
2
Q
Capitalocene since the 1400s
Expansion through frontiers
Capitalism organises human-nature relations
World ecology unifies the struggles of labour, women and nature
Political economy of capital and production is within the web of life
Industrial revolution accelerated capitalism
A
Moore 2017;2018
3
Q
Human as geological agent
A
Chakrabarty 2009
4
Q
Anthropocentrism
Human-nonhuman relations
Chthulucene and agency of nature
Web of life and kinship
Cheap nature is coming to an end
Tentacular multispecies ecojustice
A
Haraway 2016
5
Q
History of the World in 7 cheap things
Commodification of socio-ecological relations
World ecology
Easier to imagine the end of planet than capitalism
Plantationocene - racialised labour and ecological degradation
Capitalism expands through frontiers and is driven by forces of endless accumulation
A
Patel and Moore 2019
6
Q
The Great Transformation
Fictitious commodities - labour, land, money
Self regulation, market economy and society
Double Movement theory
Social and political mobilisation
A
Polanyi 1944
7
Q
Labour theory
Improvement and productivity of land
A
Locke 1689
8
Q
Enclosure as destructive production
12 x more people without property by the 17th centu- ry
4500 parliamentary acts enclosed 6.5 million acres 1750-1840
A
Linebaugh 2014
9
Q
Civilising the cannibalistic and barbaric Irish Anglicisation and enclosure by settlers through expro- priation
1586 Munster and 1606 Ulster with 150,000 settlers
New plantation system and commercial order
Irish Catholics owned 20% of land in C17
Discourse of a lower form of humanity
A
Ohlmeyer 1998
10
Q
Multispecies dispossession Colonial settlers
Invasive species
Dispossession of indigenous land and species
A
Greer 2017
11
Q
Entire capitalist world has been affected by plantation and slavery
Labour regimes
Caribbean plantation system was most advanced industrial system of the time
A
Williams 1944
12
Q
Empire of cotton connects labour in fields and factory
12.5 million African slaves purchased and transport- ed
War capitalism as fund and blueprint for industrial capitalism
East India Company
Plantationocene and 7 year life expectancy of a slave Europe at centre of global trade
Commercialisation and mechanisation
Capitalism can only be understood at the global scale, globalising and with violent roots
A
Beckert 2014
13
Q
Commodity frontiers
74% of silver produced in C16 in the Potosi mines
A
Moore 2010
14
Q
Ghost acres
18% of Irish meat and dairy exported to British cities in C18
Potato and grain acre halved after Irish famine
1/3 died or emigrated in the 1845-52 Irish famine
A
Otter 2020
15
Q
Globalisation as the stretching and deepening of relations
Intensification, extensification and normalisation
Political, economic and cultural
A
Held 1995
16
Q
Uneven economic landscapes due to globalisation
Concentrated wealth, innovation and trade
Power of capitalism and TNCs
A
Christopherson et al. 2008
17
Q
The world is flat
Time space compression
Globalisation as an aspatial process transcending borders
A
Friedman 2006
18
Q
Containerisation
McLean and Sealand industries
Standardisation and logistics
1986 Toyota Just in Time
46% of containers pass through just 20 ports
Global supply chains
A
Levinson 2008
19
Q
Ever Given blocked the Suez Canal
Stopped 12% of global trade
A
Fadlon et al. 2021
20
Q
Time space compression
Just in Time capitalism
Deadly life of logistics
Supply chains, trade and war are all linked
Entangled corporate and military logistics
Neo-imperialism is external investment and intervention in markets and materials
Supply chains likened to colonial frontiers
Organised rather than mapped violence
A
Cowen 2014
21
Q
London as a World City
Local complexities under feminist approaches
A
Massey 2007
22
Q
Nae Pasaran
1973 Chilean coup by Pinochet
Boycott of Hawker Hunter engines by Scottish Rolls Royce workers
Connection of social movements
30,000 tortured and 4000 killed including president Allende
A
Sierra 2018
23
Q
Strong private property rights, free markets, free trade
Class power restoration and wealth redistribution
Centralised in China - FDI is 40% of GDP by 2002
Social injustice, environmental crisis, SAPs
Deregulation, financialisation, privatisation
Individuals responsible for managing resources
Neoliberalism as a political project to curb the power of labour
SAPs lead to deregulation, crisis and austerity
A
Harvey 2005
24
Q
Liberalism
Invisible markets organises socioeconomic relations
A
Smith 1776
25
Economics is the method, the object is to change the soul
1983 Big Bang monetarism
1980 Housing Act
Thatcher 1981
26
The kilburn manifesto
Feminist, post-colonial and marxist counterproject
Inequality and austerity after the 2007/8 crisis slowed growth
Neoliberal capitalism is not synonymous with social injustice
Massey et al. 2013
27
Fordism - River Rouge abandoned paternalism in 1930s
1937 Battle of the Overpass by 3000 thugs
1941 unionisation in 1941
Grandin 2010
28
Difference between pre and post trade union Fordism
1941 unionisation at Highland Park
Unionisation increased wages 25% and 40% lower work hours
1.5% of US non-farm GDP by 1962
Gambino 1996
29
Detroit was majority black by 1970s
White flight and donut city
Low skilled jobs and racial segregation
- $20 billion bankruptcy in 2013, population halved by 2020
Sugrue 1996
30
Father and Ford gender divisions
53% of women + 92% of men in full time employment 1971 UK
75% of women worked in 2000 but precarity and inequality
Nuclear family and social reproduction
Global proletariat doubled 1975-1995
Masculinity and productivity
Divisions within and between reproductive and productive work
McDowell 2001
31
Manafacturing in UK fell from 30% in 1960s to 25% in 1980s and now less than 10% of employment
1 million jobs lost 1966-76 due to mergers and sector shift
Steel industry halved 1960-90 in Sheffield and West Midlands
Beatty and Fothergill 2017
32
US private sector declined by 5 million since 1970s crisis
Increasing gap between pay and productivity
Oil prices x4 in 1973
Hirsch and Macpherson 2023
33
Capitalist boom and bust due to over-accumulation
Regulation and crisis theory
Boyer 2012
34
Informal and precarious work
Always existed in the global south
Hammer and Ness 2021
35
Debt stimulated growth, asset price inflation, no regulation
Bank bailouts cost $1.5 trillion
Austerity to reduce size of state in favour of private sector
Widening wage inequality
NICE becomes VILE following subprime mortgage crisis
1/3 of EU countries had unemployment over 10% by 2010
Affects low income and women the most
Keynesianism
Kitson et al. 2011
36
Household debt-income ration increased to 100 or 200:1
UK went from 2nd to 17th largest OECD country since 1960
OECD 2016
37
Financialisation
Invisible assets rather than wages
Ford generated more profit from finance than manufacturing
Christophers 2020
38
Walmart
$500 billion revenue, 2.2. million employees, 27 countries
1/2 of employees are part time, low pay, poor conditions
Anti union
Black friday protests 2023
Fishman 2006
39
400% increase in sickness benefits UK 1960-2009
Welfare reform
Beatty and Fothergill, 2009
40
Wealth accumulation without economic wellbeing
Asset based wealth
Concentration of wealth among the richest
Austerity intensifies inequality
Accumulation uses nature and is creative destruction
Piketty 2014
41
UK GDP is 24% lower than pre 2007 crisis trend
Crisis has longer lasting effect than the pandemic
Resolution Foundation 2022
42
UK government reduced spending 37% 2010-2016
Local government bankruptcy
Cuts to public services and infrastructure
National Audit Office (NAO) 2024
43
Disinvested water infrastructure in Flint, Michigan
10,000 school children exposed to lead in water
Emergency manager
Associated Press 2020
44
Ratzel - 1897 organisms struggling for Lebensraum
Ellen Churchill Semple - Environmental Determinism
Mackinder - 1904 Heartland thesis and 1919 geographical pivot
Isaiah Bowman - small heartland states and 1942 scientific work
Petr Kropotkin - Mutual Aid 1914, Social Darwinism
W.E.B Du Bois - African Roots of War 1915, racialised violence
Haushofer - 1925 Zeitschrift fur Geopolitik
Conservative versus progressive geopolitics
Kearns 2009
45
Mackinder's theory as a warning and not deterministic
Cold War 1947-1991
Ideological versus territorial struggle
Gray 2004
46
Geography as a spatial science
Positivism and objectivity
Chorley and Haggett 1967
47
Vietnam war 1955-1975
Criticises US militarism and hidden mass civilian slaughter
Lacoste 1973
48
El Salvador proxy war
US supports right wing military government
Domino theory and fear of Soviet expansionism
Tuathail 1986
49
Power is reproduced and maintained
Disciplinary spaces
Discourse and systems of meaning
Foucalt 1975
50
Orientalism as discourse produced in the West
Discourse legitimises colonial violence
Said 1978
51
International development as a discourse
Legitimises intervention in 'underdeveloped' states
Creation of a dichotomy
Pluriversal politics in Latin America
Escobar 1995;2020
52
Geopolitical discourse as meanings created about the world
Justifies and normalises practical geopolitics
Politicisation and spacialisation of power dynamics
Reality is a product of discourse
Intellectuals of statecraft
All representations are subjective
Discourse has a vilifying and geographical abstractionist tendency
Tuathail and Agnew 1992
53
Discourse makes policies appear reasonable
NATO expansion into Estonia as a threat near Russia
Kuus 2007
54
Sites of geopolitical discourse - formal, practical and popular
Nayak and Jeffrey 2011
55
Critical geopolitics
Challenging representations and narratives of the world
Tuathail 1996
56
Bosnia War 1992-5 after Yugoslavia fragmentation
1.5 million displaced, 100,000 killed, 8000 Muslim genocide
Conflicting discourse of holocaust versus quagmire
Jeffrey 2013
57
Colonial legacy evident in War on terror
9/11 attack by Al Qaeda killed 3000 people
Uneven power landscapes produced by the west
Gregory 2004
58
Supposed WMD in Iraq 2003
President Bush connected Iraq to 9/11
Ingram and Dodds 2009
59
US patriotism in strategy language
Iraq as deviant from globalisation and freedom
3/4 of US supported intervention in the Middle East
Hazbun 2010
60
Call of Duty and US militarism
Glorifies and sanitises military violence
Conflict as inevitable
Bos 2018
61
Subaltern geopolitics
Western discourse despite subalternity being most common experience
'The African' Tanzanian newspaper
US arrogance and isolationism
Neocolonial relations
Media globalised Islamophobia
US state is not the victim
Sharp 2011
62
Masculinist rationality in geography
Dismissal of marginalisation
Rose 1993
63
Situated knowledges
Embodied objectivity
Feminist scholarship reflects on bias and positionality
Haraway 1988
64
Security of civilian bodies, homes and localities
Diverse sites of knowledge production
Global grand geopolitics affects everyday lives
Hyndman 2006
65
Intersectionality
Interlocking structural oppression
Female black bodies objectified on the auction block
McKittrick 2009
66
Criticising critical geopolitics
Discourse justifies and necessitates militarism and conflict
Megoran 2008
67
Alter-geopolitics as peace across places including the body
Protective accompaniment by US citizens in Colombia
Anti-geopolitics as resistance to state, financial institution and media representations
Agency of the marginalised and resistance through everyday actions
Koopman 2011
68
Intimate geopolitics
Reproductive is weaponised in Leh and Jamma to privilege Buddhists over Muslims
Treatment of bodies reflect territoriality and strategies
Smith 2012
69
Corporeal geopolitics and lived experiences
Rawiya Collective Palestine
Critical of how Muslim identity is presented in popular geopolitics
Female photographers depict intimate storytelling
All bodies are agentic and vulnerable
Clark 2017
70
Intimate geopolitics in Denmark
Strong borders through targeting family ties of international students
Jacobsen 2023
71
Competition, struggle, climate change, terror threats, pandems, austerity
US NSS 2022
72
Neoclassical geopolitics
Mackenderian theory of oceans stopping most US threats
Kaplan 2013
73
Everywhere war and militarism
Civilian actors
Internal warfare
Gregory 2010
74
Human bodies are depoliticised so are killable
Drone warfare as racialised and gendered
Nuclear discourse is of deterrence and necessity
Discourse masks human suffering as collateral damage
Invisible embodied experiences
Wilcox 2014
75
Materiality and discourse as a process
Everyday reception and circulation of representations
Dittmer and Dodds 2008
76
Deathscapes in the UK
Marginalisation of non Christians in access to cemeteries
Madell et al. 2021
77
Cuerpo Territorio as ontology
Female bodies and indigenous territory both have agency and have been attacked
Marginalisation of non-western ontology
Knowledge about not from/with subaltern sites
Naylor 2018
78
Urban myths and data
Urban definitions of 100,000 in China but 5000 in India
Difficult international comparisons of cities
City boundaries
SS Africa data based on 1980s/90s census
Myths of explosive out of control urbanisation in Africa (15 to 36% 1950-2000)
Lack of data in informal settlements
Satterthwaite 2010
79
Rate of urbanisation accelerated since 1960s
World had larger urban than rural population in mid 2000s
1/4 of urban citizens in slum-like conditions
1.1 billion slum dwellers in 2020, 3 billion by 2050
1/3 of the world engages in informal economies
Socio-economic processes that change the built environment and spatial population distributions
UNPD 2025
80
12 years to increase number of urban dwellers by 1 million
In 1960 it took 25 years to add 1 million urban dwellers
UN 2018
81
Megacities
Almost all now and in future are in the global south
44 megacities now, 67 by 2050
Megacity will increase by 266 million by 2050
Oxford Economics 2023
82
Fastest growing cities are small urban agglomerations in Asia and Africa
Stagnated urbanisation in Europe at 75%
53% of urban population in Asia and 20% in Africa by 2050
UN 2012
83
Urban theory of epistemology and ontology
Chicago school - urban ecology
Post-modernity
Intra-urban inequality
Globalisation leads to explosive urbanisation and postmodernity creates a system of discourses and individualism
Harding and Blokland 2014
84
Urban ecology and natural segregation
Concentric zones of urban behaviour
Urbanism
Park 1925, Burgess 1925, Wirth 1938
85
Neo-marxism
Megalopolis
Spatial units and structuralism
Capitalism and scepticism of over-acummulation
Gottman 1961; Castells 1970s; Harvey 1973
86
Global city - New York, London, Tokyo
Global economy networks
Power from political and socioeconomic globalisation
Aspirational and prescriptive
Sassen 2001
87
Planetary urbanisation
Borderless and no outside to urban theory
Extended not concentrated urbanisation
Brenner 2014
88
Ordinary cities using a cosmopolitan approach
All host poverty and prosperity
Postcolonial approach
Criticises modernity and development
Urban multiplicity and fragmentation
Robinson 2006
89
Legacy of segregation in Durban and Cape Town (Strand vs Nomzamo), South Africa
Psychological effects
Suburbanisation is the dominant form of urbanisation now
Neoliberal gentrification and spatial capital
Planetary displacement and resistance
Jayne and Ward 2017 - segregation
90
Informality in global north and south is a dichotomy
Cato Crest in Durban SA, degraded identity and dangerous conditions
The formal rely on the informal
Beds in sheds in London, 10,000 illegal informal dwellings in the UK mainly London
austerity urbanism
Jayne and Ward 2017 - informality
91
Global suburbs
Suburbanisation everywhere becomes urban
Self-governance and infrastructure from the suburbs
Slums as a new form of suburbia
Keil 2018
92
Gentrification as new urban frontier
Economic and demographic changes to disinvested areas
Smith 1996
93
Global gentrification
One theory for global north and south
Lees 2016
94
Planet of Slums
Images of informal squatter settlements as temporary
Dystopian slum future of surplus humanity
Davis 2006
95
Defining slums
Lack of water, sanitation, infrastructure
Insecurity and precarity
UN 2002
96
Criticising the image of disease, decay and crime for slums
Wrongful idea that slums should be eradicated
Powerful images
Gilbert 2007
97
Urban informality
Marginal workers in Ghana provided most of initial GDP
People not economies are informal
Blurred boundaries between the formal and informal
Hart 1973
98
19th century urbanisation in London
Poverty, working class, class divisions
Engels 1845
99
Anthropocene as human dominated epoch
GHG emissions since Industrial Revolution
30-50% of land exploited
Energy use increased 16 fold in C20
Caused by 25% of the population
Crutzen 2002
100
The future of nature reflects human minds
Environment as human nature
Climate colonialism
Robin et al. 2013
101
Trust in numbers
Future of nature is tangible
Porter 1995
102
Limits to population growth
Resources can't support growth after 2100
Population growth in the south but resource use in the north
Meadows et al. 1972
103
Nature is politicised and valued
Question whether nature is real
IPCC presents climate change as dangerous
Nature as social construct
Castree 2014
104
Ecological footprint
Earth overshoot day - August in 2022 but December in 1971
Politics of global environment
EOD is Feb in Qatar and March in USA
UK SDIs focus on trickle down effects
Global Footprint network 2022
105
Doughnut Economics
Planetary boundaries as arbitrary
Local differences and social justice
Policy should centre on social and ecological systems
Raworth 2017
106
Empire and environmental degradation
C17 deforestation in Barbados, Jamaica, Mauritius, Canarys
Grove 1995
107
Man will destroy himself and the earth
Marsh 1864
108
History of conservation
Utilitarian conservation 1890-1910 USA (e.g Hetch Hetchy Dam Yosemite)
National Parks and Wilderness Acts
Protected areas doubled 1970-1990
2 million km2 proteced in 2005
Adams 2004
109
Spaceship earth
Fragility and isolation of earth as home
Finite resources need manual operation
Ward 1966
110
Pesticides
DDT accumulates up food chains and thins bird shells
Triggered the Streisand effect from industrial sector
Carson 1962
111
Environmental injustice in USA
74% of hazardous waste landfills in Black and Hispanic areas
Bullard 1990
112
Different priorities in environmentalism of the rich and poor
Guha and Martinez-Alier 1997
113
Big D development from above (aid, IGOs, industry)
Little d development from below (NGOs, communities)
Colonial formal roots versus natural capitalism
Mawdsley and Taggart 2021
114
$12 million development fund for the West
Modern planetary development
Multilateral aid through BWI
US Marshall Plan 1949
115
Bottom 50% only captured 12% of economic growth 1980-2016
Top 1% captured 27% of growth
WID 2017
116
Dependency theory
Europe underdeveloped Africa
Core and periphery model
Rostow's Stages of economic growth 1960
Modernity
Rodney 2012
117
Poverty as deprivation of capability
Development as freedom
Sen 1999
118
Previously human development was the end goal and economic the growth means
Now development was about poverty alleviation
Measured via wealth
UNDP 1996
119
MDGs aims - halve absolute poverty, 8 social goals
Met targets - 1/2 child mortality, 1/2 lack of water access
Missed targets - hunger, 1 bn still openly defacate, 1/2 of aid
Extreme poverty fell everywhere but Sub-Saharan Africa
In 2011, CO2 was 50% above 1990 level
World Bank 2017
120
End poverty for all by 2030 universally
Ratified by 193 countries, focus on environment and society
17 goals with a focus on those left behind
SDGs 2015
121
Degrowth
Redistribution of wealth
Restructure the economy relative to biocapacity
Shrink excess activity not essential for societal functioning
Martinez-Allier et al. 2010
122
Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do so
A process towards sustainability
Inter and intragenerational equity
Trade offs
WCED 1987
123
Ecological modernisation
Reform not slow capitalism
Green technology, decarbonisation, circular economy
Markets mediate people-environment relations
Low and Gleeson 1998
124
SD has descriptive not adjudicative power
Idea about how society should be governed
Unclear and lack of theoretical frameworks
Jacobs 1995
125
Neoliberalising nature
Pursuit of profit leads to conservation
Environmental economics
Buscher et al. 2012
126
3.5 billion vulnerable to climate impacts
30-50% of earth must be conserved
Report mentioned degrowth 27 times
IPCC 2021
127
Ecosystem services
Natural capital
Human dependence on nature
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
128
Emissions Trading Scheme
2020 emissions were 21% below 2005 level
87% of the global carbon market
Cap and trade
EU 2020
129
Green economy
Inclusivity within ecological limits
Sustainability drives growth
UNEP 2011
130
Triple Bottom Line theory for corporations
People, Planet and Prosperity/Profit
Trade offs
Wicks et al. 2012
131
BP greenwashing
£200 million campaign for Beyond Petroleum in 2001
2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill
200 million gallons of oil in the Gulf of Mexico
Kassinis and Panayiotou 2018
132
Climate struggle and corporate globalisation of last 25 years
Fossil fuel economy
CO2 output 1975-1997 is the same as entire previous output
Crisis provides opportunity for social movements
Klein 2014
133
Annex 1 countries: EU and 38 industrialised nations
Aim to reduce GHG 5% below 1990 level by 2008-2012
Adaptation fund and multilateral tech transfer
COP3 Kyoto 1997
134
Net zero by 2050
Binding and universal long term targets
Current NDCs would lead to 2.4C of warming
$300 billion for adaptation and resilience
Only 170 out of 197 parties had ratified by 2017
Paris Agreement 2015
135
Capitalism creates a metabolic rift
Energy is taken from nature and transferred to cities
Foster 1999
136
The Shock Doctrine
Environmental crisis presented as inevitable catastrophe
Capitalist realism (Fisher, 2009)
Klein 2007
137
10 billion people by 2050
43% of people younger than 15 in SS Africa in 2010
Roberts 2011
138
Prosperity without growth
Less production and consumption but higher wellbeing
Jackson 2009
139
Degrowth and postdevelopment
Buen Vivir in Ecuador and Boliivia
Ecologically and culturally sensitive rejection of modernity
Pluri-national state since 2009 in Bolivia after privatisation
State and society must protect nature
Eco-prosperity will lead to growth
Escobar 2015
140
Criticisms of the Anthropocene
Wealthy people and countries emit more CO2 than the poor
Inequality and sacrifice zones as the drivers of the fossil fuel economy
Anthropocene is apolitical and ahistorical
Ellis 2018
141
Criticises the idea that capitalist crises will eventually lead to ecojustice and prosperity
Allows capitalist elites to continue exploiting fossil fuels
Malm 2020
142
The Great Divergence
Core and periphery model
Global struggle between workers and owners
Divide between colonisers and colonised, global north and south
Pomeranz 2000
143
Agrarian capitalism in C16
Enclosure redefined property rights and control of nature
Industrial capitalism as a result of enclosure dispossessing labour
Capitalist imperialism through dispossession and exploitation
Capitalism as inherently unsustainable
Colonisation and capitalism were synonymous
Surplus population from dispossession enabled industrialisation
Exploitable dependencies
Wood 2002;2003
144
Potato affordances
Andean chuno for silver mine labour
Tubers in European war for peasants
Survival ecology for dispossessed Irish people
2 million acres of potato crops in Ireland 1845
Great Irish famine 1845-1850
Nally and Kearns 2020
145
Colonialism and criticism of European diffusionism
Labour in colonial economies provided most capital for Europe
C17 - sugar plantation economy was the largest in the world
50,000 slaves imported to Barbados in 50 years
Bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution
Europe dominated in capitalism after 1492 as they prevented development elsewhere
Blaut 1993
146
Cannibal capitalism
Struggles over nature, social reproduction, dispossession and public power
Marxist capitalism is about markets and production
Structural violence and expropriation
Division between nature and capital, economy and politics
Fraser 2023
147
Sugar as commodity and ecological frontier
Ecological exhaustion in countryside and pollution in cities
Barbados almost completely deforested 1630-1660, sugar exported from 1645
Soil degradation and higher costs so production shifted to larger islands (Jamaica)
Moore 2000
148
Time, work-discipline and industry
Shift from natural time to clock based discipline
Capitalist efficiency and time commodified
Affected social reproduction
Thompson 1967
149
Global production networks
Network approach across relational space
Capitalism at the global-local nexus
Clustering and sub-national regional development
Coe et al. 2008
150
Spatialities of globalisation cannot be reduced to scalar space
Local cannot be separated from the global
Cities as sites of circulation in larger networks
Globalisation is politics - regulation, capitalism, competition
Labour organisation will always be dynamic
Amin 2002
151
Precarious border economies
The global factory, FDI and SEZs in China, low cost labour migrations
Labour concentrated on borders of GMS, states prime economies for trade and FDI
Thailand switching to tech and car industries since 2000
Mae Sot-Myawaddy - 80k Burmese workers in Thai textile factories
Migrant workers, racialisation, low wages, unregulated
Arnold and Pickles 2011
152
Global factory has reorganised production
Outsourcing and offshoring
Vertical integration and subcontracting
Developing world engages out of necessity
Spatial, class, race and gender divisions of labour
Buckley 2009
153
Logistics and friction
Containers are supposedly frictionless
Supply chain capitalism
Metaphorical global warehouse
Cost-cutting and labour create friction
Gregson et al. 2017
154
The global shift
Ideological and empirical globalisation
UK and USA account for 30% of outward FDI
Global economy is multipolar
TNCs coordinate global production networks
Internalisation and externalisation
Labour is place bound, capital is fluid
Taylorism, Fordism, Flexible and lean production
2/3 of developing countries primarily depend on commodity exports
Dicken 2015
155
Dagongmei female migrant workers in China
Gendered violence in the factories of the Guangdong province
China provides cheap labour and resources
Oppression by capitalism embodied by rural women
Proletarianisation
Gendered and orientalist view of productive labour
Fordism style production, state socialism, global capitalism
Ngai 2005
156
Precarity as the norm, fordism as exception
Contingent flexible work, debt, migrant work, economic exploitation are the norm throughout the history of capitalism
Fordism as an assembly line production system
Regulationist fordism is arguably the end of true authoritarian fordism in the 1930s
Precarity is the norm globally
Neilson and Rossiter, 2008
157
Post-Fordism as more flexible
Uneven transformation of work practice
Changing social not production conditions
UK and USA both neoliberalised but were at different stages of Fordism
Phelps 2002
158
Foxconn manufactures for Apple
Replicated management structures across factories
Negative publicity around work conditions in China
Global neoliberal capitalism has led to counter-organisations and labour movements
Workers seek to unionise
Chan et al. 2013
159
Contingency under post-Fordism
Insecure wages, rights and contracts
Subcontractors benefit the most
Changing sexual contracts
Precarity, insecurity. hard labour and debt as a byproduct of women's new opportunities
Adkins 2015
160
Austerity and fiscal federalism in the US
State intervention in markets following crisis puts pressure on marginal groups not elites
San Bernardino 2012 bankruptcy
Crisis management through budget cuts
Peck 2013
161
Women in post-industrial Durham
Systems of oppression and insecurity
Social structures have enduring power relations
Since 1980s, women with low wages, poor work conditions and zero hour contracts
Neoliberalism reduced state benefits
Bennett 2014
162
Neoliberalism as ideology of power of finance
Finance not globalisation accelerates capitalism
Financialisation created dependency relations
Costs - third world debt, less welfare and social protection
Benefits - freedom for finance, high interest rates, monetary assets
Dumenil and Levy 2001
163
Defining geopolitics
Link between local effects and global processes
Long lasting legacies of all types of geopolitics
Dittmer and Sharp 2014
164
Criticising critical geopolitics
Struggle for space/representations as masculinist
Too state and military-centric
Discourse can be misinformed - Bosnia intervention led to internal division and European exclusion
Discourse is not mutually exclusive with materialism
Koopman et al. 2021
165
Unequal power in the production of ideas
International relations have been spatialised
Cold War geopolitics
Depoliticisation of the BH war
Focus on power of practice and materiality not texts and discourse
Painter and Jeffrey, 2009
166
Intimate geopolitics
Forced eviction of women in BKL, Cambodia
Women's activism faced with intimidation and imprisonment
Link between homes, bodies and nation states
Brickell 2014
167
Disputes over whether urbanisation is informed by economic or demographic data
Urban growth without formal economic growth in Africa
Natural increase will make Nigeria the third most urbanised country by 2100
Causes of urbanisation should be studied
Turok 2017
168
40% of largest African cities are in Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt and Morocco
DRC - Kabinda is fastest growing at 500k people but Kinshasa is largest at 14 million people
Nigeria's population has doubled since its last census in 2006
30-70% of African urban population lives in informal settlements
Policies are misinformed by data
Informality is the most prevalent form of urbanism in Africa
Satterthwaite 2021
169
Africapolis project
Urbanisation as means for development and achieving SDGs in Africa
More than 50% of Africans live in agglomerations
Africa's urban population - 567 million in 2015 but only 27 million in 1950
OECD 2020
170
Assumption that urbanisation brings modernisation
Universal urban definition is impossible
Economic data as a proxy for changing urban dynamics
Potts 2017
171
Urban poverty in the global south
1/2 in Nairobi live in informal settlements on only 4% of land cover
Structural inequality as only low income houses in Sal Salvador rely on community water and not developed infrastructure
Stigma of living in favelas and the label slum
Social stratification is spatial and perceived
Mitlin and Satterthwaite 2013
172
Early urbanisers determined the conditions of urbanisation today
Novel urbanisation due to hyperglobalisation, environmental catastrophe and demographic intensity
Late urbanisation inherit tech, knowledge and environmnetal hazards
Early urbanisers are only 21% of global population
Late urbanisation does not align with timing of development due to dependencies and neocolonial relations
Fox and Goodfellow 2021
173
Urbanisation of poverty
Colonial era assumption that southern poverty could be eradicated through modernisation
Inner city and social housing poverty in global north cities
Structural causes of poverty
Wratten 1995
174
Dystopian visions of irreversible environmental degradation and societal collapse are too pessimistic
Good Anthropocene of ecojustice
SDGs are example of more desirable and possible future
Changes in human values, worldviews and power relations are needed]
Focus should be on local bottom up solutions not vague global frameworks
Bennett et al. 2016
175
Environmental footprint
Currently use 1.5 of planet biocapacity
60% lower carbon footprint is needed to achieve 2C warming
Carbon footprint of US citizen is 6 times the global average
Rebound effect as consumption and efficiency increase
26% of global carbon footprint is tied in international trade
Hoekstra and Wiedmann 2014
176
Climate capitalism and decarbonisation
Carbon trading and offsets as solutions are commodified
Organisation of economy is the cause of climate change
People who suffer the most contribute the least
Capitalism will not be abandoned
Private and public governance
Newell and Paterson 2010
177
Criticises assumption that environmental protection will stem from greater wealth
Environmentalism has been commodified
Greenwashing
Jevon's paradox
Either need regulation or new production system
Catastrophism and doomsday rhetoric
Addiction to capitalism
Engel 2019
178
Conflict between human and nature due to capitalism putting nature to work
Everyday acts as involuntary agents of pollution
Nature has intrinsic value
Nature can be protected whilst being separate and dependent on it
Nature as anything other to humanity
Soper 1995
179
Green development
Globalisation of environmentalism 1960s
MDGs and SDGs
Natural capital
Neoliberalism and privatisation accelerated degradation
Neoliberal conservation, e.g. African Parks NGO
Degrowth, less can be more
Opulence versus utility
Adams 2018
180
Sustainability principles
Contention over whether SD leads to more degradation or harms economic growth
Oil consumed 1mn times faster than reserves laid down
Dresner 2008
181
Sustainable development criticisms
Lack of measurable criteria
Suggestive of a particular path that must be taken
Conflict between sustainability and optimality
Too many commissions and researchers for SD
Beckerman 1994
182
Poverty-environment interactions
Malthusian colonial theory blamed the poor for degradation and impoverishing cycle
UN used neoliberal discourse to further the wrong politicisation of degradation
Kuznets Curve dismisses offshoring emissions
Politics of development discourse
SD aligns with interests of capital and TNCs
Cotton production in Mali as part of WB SAP leads to soil degradation
Gray and Moseley 2005
183
Environmental governance
Hybrid and cross-sectoral approaches
60% of ecosystem processes are used unsustainably
Decentralisation and globalisation
Competition leads to innovation and protection of resources
Utilise market incentives
Lemos and Agrawal 2006
184
Cattle introduced to the New World by Spanish colonists
Ecological imperialism as cattle used to destroy indigenous land
Settler land claims in Panama 1970s and 80s as forests are converted to private property
Creatures of the Anthropocene
Cattle move in and out of expansionist projects outside of human control
Barrier to capitalist frontiers in Pampas of Argentina
Ficek 2019
185
Automobile industry in the Delhi National Capital region in India
Cheap precarious labour attracts FDI for lean production
Fordism and Taylorism persist in modularised parts, increased intensity and control
Maruti Suzuki plant in Manesar
70% are contract workers who earn 2/3 less
2011 strikes against exploitation and oppression
1200 temp workers fired, solidarity across segmented factories
Fewer casual workers but higher workloads
Neoliberal globalisation
Jha and Chakraborty 2014
186
Urban studies in Brazil look at unequal processes from violent capitalist expansion
Modernisation in white wealthier areas and majority were forced into informality
Rio suburbs and Sao Paulo peripheries
Migrants could only access illegally so idea of low wage urbanisation as houses are self constructed
Informality as the norm
Favelas were social pathology but City of God evictions led to awareness
Pastoral of Favelas, Favela Bairro program, protected land tenure
Gentrification despite vibrant hill communities
Police pacification and racial socio-spatial segregation
Fix and Arantes 2021
187
Goal-based private sustainability governance in Indonesian palm oil sector
Voluntary corporate responsibility but paradox justifies inaction
Innovation requires stakeholder cooperation
No company has reached true zero deforestation
1/4 of all deforestation is for palm oil and projected 20 million converted by 2030
83% of companies made ZDCs due to external NGO pressure
Performing paradox due to tradeoffs
Organising paradox as companies compete not cooperate
Smallholders are marginalised
Grabs and Garrett 2023
188
2006 siege on Gaza
Isolated from global networks of trade and movement punctuated by military attack
Occupation and dispossession as colonial violence
Media focuses on dramatic invasion and not everyday experiences
Creates and depends on a reality where Gazans are surplus - abandoned by major world powers
Subaltern groups of youth, fishermen and farmers
Smith 2016
