Paper 1: Cold War

Question 1

Tehran 1943

Answer 1

-Plan a winning strategy
-2nd Front, attack of Germany, ease pressure on the eastern front, SU suffering large loses
-Stalin declares war on Japanese
-What happens after the war, Germany can have polish land but SU keeps the gains made in 1913
-Creation of UN, agreed there needs to be an International body
-Stalin is happy about the Eastern Front
-Churchill is not so happy as he wanted it opened in the Balkans but Roosevelt sided with Stalin
US vs British
US - Colonialism is a bigger problem

Question 2

Yalta 1945

Answer 2

How to bring the war to a conclusion
A second front was already launched
Soviets had defeated the Germans in the SU
Germany split into four zones
Germany would pay 20 billion in reparations
Nazi Party would be banned and war criminals prosecuted
Setting up the UN
All nations could join
Stalin agreed to go to war against Japan
Stalin agree for free elections
Poland proved to be a major problem
SU had some significant gains
Poland free elections / Expected Pro - Communist

Question 3

Potsdam 1945

Answer 3

Roosevelt - replaced by Harry
Winston Churchill - general election lost / Clement Attlee won
Germany surrendered
Scientist developed atomic bombs
UN / Permanent members can veto
No buffers
Truman and Attlee were new to diplomatic discussions / Stalin has the power
Truman - Tough approach / Delayed meeting until atomic bomb was ready
Attlee - Return to Britain and rule so he did not want meetings to drag on
Four zones Berlin
Soviets wanted Germans to pay, Truman did not because it would be harder to recover
Object SU rule over countries that were liberated from German rule
Disagree with Poland - Old terms
Previous agreements now moved to not really
Stalin liked Eastern Europe - reasonable defensive measure
Thought it was communist aggression

Question 4

Atomic bomb 1945

Answer 4

Bomb
12,000 tons of TNT
120,000 Civilian killed
Could have won without it
Used it to have more power over SU
Stalin more determined to make SU secure
Buffer zone
Monopoly did not last
Caused MAD

Question 5

Satellite States

Answer 5

Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
Yugoslavia and Albania communist but not SU rule
Stalin made 6 countries into satellite states
Czechoslovakia was the only democracy - Saw this as threat and overthrew
Hungarian elections - Only some communist - Threatened and then switched
SRA took control of Bulgaria, Romania , Eastern parts of Germany
Salami tactics
1945
A - Albania after ww2
R -Romania overthrow monarchy
E -East Germany
1946-1948
B - Bulgaria - Monarchy overthrown
P - Poland - Non communist would have been elected 16 non communist politicians arrested at Moscow
H - Hungary - Non communist won but Rakosi took control of secret police
C - last country voting in communist

Question 6

Long Telegram 1946

Answer 6

George Kennan - USA ambassador / Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism / Not self destructive / Prompted the policy of containment
8000 words long
USA was stronger than ussr so they should ‘contain’ communism

Question 7

Nikolai Novikov 1946

Answer 7

Soviets did not trust the West
Wanted to use US military
With Rosevelt dying no more cooperation
Take more control on the border

Question 8

Iron Curtain Speech 1946

Answer 8

SU threat to freedom and world peace
Speech because of the recent government set ups
Noted ‘from Stettin in the Baltic to trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent’

Question 9

Truman Doctrine 194

Answer 9

British are bankrupt
400 million to Greece and Turkey
He understands that every nation must choose
USA prepared to send troops and economic aid
Before US was isolationist
Leader against communism

Question 10

Marshall Plan 1948

Answer 10

USA gave 13.7 billion in aid
13 Billion already given previous to it
Britain received more than a quarter of the aid
Ernest Bevin called it a lifeline to sinking men
EE states did not have benefits
Czech blocked when considering it

Question 11

Cominform 1947

Answer 11

Reject plan / Spread propaganda and accused american as being the same as NAZI
Build collective heavy industry and a trade network
Newspaper to spread ideas and held conferences with the Eastern bloc
Yugoslavia left 1948

Question 12

Comecon 1949

Answer 12

• Russian aid
• Bulgari / Czech and more
• Molotov Plan provide aid
• USSR dominated in terms of industrial production and total economic size

Question 13

Uniting the western zone

Answer 13

-Bizonia 1947 , Trizonia - 1948
Deutschmark created - Economic Unity
Soviets mad
-Seperated from East
-Two germanys created
Ganging up

Question 14

Berlin Blockade 1948

Answer 14

Shut off all routes
Shortage of foods and this would help the SU
Solution is to fly food - Shot down so war, if land routes US fault
Berlin Airlift
1000 tonnes a day
170,000 tonnes of supplies in peak month of flying - 1949
SU gave in / Stalin foolish / US peaceful
Costed 350 million for the us

Question 15

Korean War

Answer 15

38th parallel 1950 / fighting by proxy
UN claim to successfully stopped a NK takeover
Truman was convinced Stalin wanted to invade
Stalin was not keen turns out
China sent 200,000 men to stop the advance
USA now committed to Asia / Defense budget 3x
1954 SEATO - Stop communism
SU was worried and army went from 2.8 to 5.6 million men
West Germany Joins Nato in 1955 - causes War Saw Pact

Question 16

Arms race

Answer 16

US Atomic bomb - 1945
SU - all scientist to focus on atomic bomb in 1949
Hydrogen bomb in 1952 - 1000 times more powerful
SU - 1953
ICBM 1957
MAD deterrent

Question 17

Warsaw Pact 1955

Answer 17

Stalin’s fear increases
EE - communist defense
Eastern Bloc made
Shows a clear clear clear divide

Question 18

Hungarian Uprising 1956

Answer 18

1945 non communist
Rakosi -> communist supporter
Takes over
No free speech
Thousands of soviet troops stationed drained economy
Russia forced on people
Khrushchev denounces Stalin
300,000 hungarians were sent to prison and more than 2000 were executed
1956 protests in Budapest - Red army sent in replace Rakosi with Nagy
Soviet invasion
Hungary will leave WarSaw
Fair legal system
Private land ownership
Threat and other countries may follow
Tanks rolled into Budapest
20,000 killed
6000 tanks
Nagy killed
Eisenhower - I feel with the Hungarian people
JF Dulles - to all those suffering under communist slavery, let us say you can count on us

Question 19

Berlin 1958 refugee problem

Answer 19

2 million which is over a sixth of the country fleed
Skilled workers kept leaving
350,000 maxed in a year
Ultimatum
Berlin would be demilitarised if western troops withdrawn
Berlin should be a free city
If the west talked to East Germany then it would be a legitimate country
Angered the west/ Trying to extend more communism

Question 20

Geneva 1955

Answer 20

Swiss no agreement was reached

Invite to Kruschev US

Question 21

Camp David 1959

Answer 21

Face to face / presidential ranch

No agreement

Question 22

U-2 incident and paris summit conference 1960

Answer 22

Spy plane crash - Gary Powers
Did not apologies
Khrushchev walked out

Question 23

Vienna 1961

Answer 23

Kennedy was inexperienced
Fail of reputations
Tough approach
Kennedy decides to increase spending by over 2 billion

Question 24

Berlin Wall 1961

Answer 24

Ordered to build a barbed wire
165 kilometres
Impact of BW
Cut through streets and buildings
One woman threw a mattress and jumped out / died of injuries
Can not visit family
Shot people 130 killed
Outrage - internally too but they are quashed quick
Negative
SU - abandon plans to unite / people choose capitalism
US - closed border without consulting US / Can not escape anymore
Positive
SU - Walls stopped refugees
US - Accept control the russians / Berlin became a symbol
Kennedy was praised - I am a citizen of Berlin

Question 25

Bay of pigs 1961

Answer 25

``` Exiles to take over - 1400 exiles Attempted a coup as the US believed Castro was unpopular Very little training Exiles so not US related 20,000 soldiers were already waiting Huge failure / US looks hypocritical SU pointed out that people were happy Leads to stronger relations between Cuba and SU 1961 provide arms ```

Question 26

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

Answer 26

``` Spy plane saw nuclear heads Arms able to reach US Because of nukes in Turkey Berlin wall outwit there Fear american attack ExComm made meet for 13 days Kennedy did not launch a attack but made a naval blockade SU ignored the blocked USA prepared to sink ships 54 bombers ready 4 with nuclear warheads No desire for war so the Soviet ships turned ```

Question 27

Czech 1968

Answer 27

``` Socialism with a human face Living standards decrease caste inflation even with the strongest economy Discontent politically Few consumer goods No freedom of speech and radio and more Censorship Purges Dubcek was the first secretary of CCP Prague spring Censorship relaxed and criticism of government Trade unions Trade with West increase Czech people given greater freedom Multi party People happy Moscow not Brehznev was watching When dubcek invited romania and yugoslavia for talks / Brezhnez acted 1968 - 500,000 soldiers went in 5 member of warsaw unhappy Czech army stayed in barracks Over 1000 people were arrested Invasion West would not help Reform dangerous SU did not want to look like it was not controlling it states Buffer zones Future of the warsaw pact Doctrine Actions can have a domino effect Duty of states to continue communist rule Even if it meant a Third World War Impact in Czech Things went back to normal Relations Yugoslavia and Romania were unhappy Italy and France communist parties cut ties East Germany and poland were happy US and SU Angered US might protest but not take action Showed the US was less confrontational ```

Question 28

Hotline

Answer 28

Communication line - 16000 km long Washington to Moscow | Only used in 1971 about India and Pakistan fight

Question 29

Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963

Answer 29

Knew the danger our radioactive fallout 3 countries agreed to not carry out any nuclear weapon test, under water, outerspace or more. Now 113 countries have signed Lucky dragon - Hydrogen bomb in 1954 - spread past predicted zone and got crew sick One man died

Question 30

Outer Space Treaty 1967

Answer 30

Exploration of outer space for everyone No country can have control of celestial bodies Responsibility of harm

Question 31

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968

Answer 31

NWS will work towards disarmament while NNWS agreed not to be involved

Question 32

Why US

Answer 32

Deaths of 60,00 soldiers in vietnam War is unpopular US should be less active in international affairs 170 billion on V war Internal problems like race and more Nixon wanted to reduce tensions SU and china poor / but if they combined it threatened china

Question 33

Why Soviet Union

Answer 33

Equals in nuclear weapons and strength V war showed US can be beaten Economic problems cut on weapons and spend money on social issues 30 percent gdp on defense compared to 13 percent in US Also they needed to catch up or needed the west to share technology

Question 34

Why China

Answer 34

SU 300 million dollar of aid Sino-Soviet Treaty of friendship alliance and mutual assistance Soviet military assistance Mistreatment of chinese delegates from Russians Leaders did not get along Relations poor by 1969 Almost war so befriend the enemy

Question 35

China and USA

Answer 35

``` Poor relations Mao called US capitalist running dogs Taiwan and more Ping pong diplomacy 1971 Sign the Shanghai communique Solved taiwan problem ```

Question 36

Detente SALT 1 1972

Answer 36

ABM - 100 each - Anti ballistic missile Interim treaty - limit ICBMS and submarine launched ballistic missiles SU was allowed more ICBM than USA But USA had MIRV and no one knew ``` USA ABM 100 ICBM 1054 SLBM 740 SU ABM 100 ICBM 1618 SLBM 740 Can't expect one piece of paper to prevent nuclear war if it might happen Symbolic importance SALT 2 solved what SALT 1 could not ```