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Geography > Paper 1 - global hazards > Flashcards

Paper 1 - global hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus

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2
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

the point inside of the Earth’s crust where the earthquake originates

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3
Q

What is the ‘depth of focus’ of an earthquake?

A

The depth at which an earthquake occurs (distance from focus to epicentre

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4
Q

What is an example of a composite volcano?

A

Mount Fuji, Japan

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5
Q

What plate boundary do composite volcano’s form?

A

Destructive

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6
Q

Compare the eruptions of composite and shield volcanos

A

Composite volcanoes have more violent but with longer periods between them, where shield volcanos have more frequent eruptions which are less violent

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7
Q

What is an example of a shield volcano?

A

Mouna Loa, Hawaii

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8
Q

What plate boundary do shield volcanos form?

A

Constructive

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9
Q

What plate boundary do Fissures form?

A

Constructive - on fault lines

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10
Q

What is an example of a fissure volcano

A

The mid-atlantic ridge

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11
Q

What is the lava like in a fissure volcano?

A

Basaltic lava - hard, volcanic rock

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12
Q

What is extreme weather?

A

When weather is significantly different tot he norm, depends on where you are

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13
Q

What is the definition of a drought?

A

A period of time when an area has significantly less water than the norm

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of drought?

A

Meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and water supply

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15
Q

What is a Meteorological drought?

A

Lack of rain

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16
Q

What is an agricultural drought?

A

Low levels of water in soil

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17
Q

What is a hydrological drought?

A

Low levels of water in rivers and lakes

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18
Q

What is a water-supply drought?

A

When a drought has an impact on water supply and certain uses are prioritised.

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19
Q

What is the distribution of drought?

A

Mainly occur in South America, North-Africa, the Middle East and Australia.

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20
Q

What is water stress?

A

where the demand for water exceeds supply

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21
Q

What is water scarcity?

A

a limit in availability due to physical shortages or failure of institutions to provide

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22
Q

What is a water shortage?

A

the lack of sufficient water resources, including lack of safe drinking water

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23
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of a tropical storm?

A

Sustained winds (above 120km/h), Torrential rain and storm surges

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24
Q

What are the necessary conditions for a tropical storm?

A

Ocean temperature above 27 degrees Celsius,

at least 500 km from equator (for Coriolis spin system) and ocean depth over 60m.

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25
Q

Why are these the necessary conditions for a tropical storm?

A

The storm energy comes from the moist sea air

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26
Q

How do tropical storms form?

A

When ocean temps are over 27 Degrees (C), warm air rises, creating a low pressure area
More warm air is drawn upwards creating strong winds
Air cools and sinks, water vapour condenses and forms cumulonimbus clouds which form the eye of the storm
The storm eventually dies down when t reaches land as it will on longer get energy from moist sea air

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27
Q

What is the troposphere?

A

the lowest layer of the atmosphere where weather takes place

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28
Q

What are the 3 cells in the tri-cellular model?

A

Hadley, Ferrel and Polar

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29
Q

What happens in the Hadley cell?

A

convectional moist air rises at equator (sunshine overhead), air rises, reaches tropopuase and spreads towards pole. At 30 degrees latitude, the air descends (high pressure) creating trade winds.

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30
Q

What happens at the Ferrel cell?

A

This is the ‘zone of mixing’ which is driven by the other 2 cells

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31
Q

What happens in the Polar cell?

A

At 60 degrees North or south, air is almost warm enough to rise. This air spreads to pole at tropopause, air becomes very cools and sinks, spreading outwards from pole

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32
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Earth’s structure?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle and crust

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33
Q

What is the inner core made out of?

A

Solid iron and nickel

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34
Q

What is the outer core made out of?

A

Liquid iron and nickel

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35
Q

What is the mantle made out of?

A

Semi-molten rock

36
Q

What is the crust made out of?

A

Solid rock - tectonic plates

37
Q

What are the two types of tectonic plate?

A

Continental and oceanic

38
Q

Describe the continental plate

A

Less dense and thicker

39
Q

Describe the oceanic plate

A

More dense, newer and thinner

40
Q

What are convection currents?

A

the process in the mantle which moves tectonic plates

41
Q

How hot is the mantle?

A

3000 degrees Celsius

42
Q

What is the process in convection currents?

A

hot magma rises, cools and sinks

43
Q

What are the 2 types of constructive plate boundaries?

A

Constructive and conservative

44
Q

What are the 2 types of destructive plate boundaries?

A

subduction and collision

45
Q

What happens at a constructive boundary?

A

2 of the same plate move away from each other, allowing magma to flow through the gap to the surface - creating volcanoes and earthquakes

46
Q

What happens at a conservative boundary?

A

2 plates moving at different speeds move alongside each other (same of different directions) - creating violent earthquakes

47
Q

What happens at a subduction zone boundary?

A

Oceanic plate is forced under continental plate (as it is more dense), the friction causing earthquake activity. Magma breaks continental plate and rises, creating volcanoes

48
Q

What happens at a collision boundary?

A

2 continental plates (not dense) move towards eachother - creating fold mountains and earthquakes.

49
Q

How do caldera volcanoes form?

A

When a volcano erupts and the magma chamber collapses, the crater falls in on itself - this is a caldera. A new volcano will eventually form as new magma rises.

50
Q

What is an example of a caldera?

A

Crater lake, Oregon

51
Q

How do hotspot volcanoes form?

A

Hot magma rises up towards crust and forces its way through, this then erupts to surface and causes volcanic islands.

52
Q

What is an example of a hotspot?

A

Hawaii

53
Q

During El Niño, where is the area of high pressure?

A

Australia

54
Q

During El Niño, where is the area of low pressure?

A

South America

55
Q

During El Niño, What direction are trade winds blowing?

A

West to East

56
Q

During El Niño, Where has heavy rainfall?

A

South America

57
Q

During El Niño, Where has drought?

A

Australia

58
Q

During La Niña, where is the area of high pressure?

A

South America

59
Q

During La Niña, where is the area of low pressure?

A

Australia

60
Q

During La Niña, what direction are trade winds blowing?

A

East to West

61
Q

During La Niña, Where has drought?

A

South America

62
Q

During La Niña, Where has heavy rainfall?

A

Australia

63
Q

What is the Walker cell?

A

Normal conditions

64
Q

How are the walker cell and La Niña related?

A

La niña is a stronger version of the walker cell

65
Q

How are the walker cell and El Niño related?

A

El Niño is the opposite of the walker cell

66
Q

What is El Niño?

A

A period of large-scale warming of the pacific ocean

67
Q

What is La Niña?

A

A period of below-average temperatures of the pacific ocean

68
Q

What is an example of technological mitigation in Japan?

A

The power to trains is cut off when an earthquake is detected

69
Q

What were the main causes of the Haiti Earthquake?

A

Shallow focus - more energy when ti reaches surface; conservative boundary;
plates sliding past each other got caught and jolted apart

70
Q

When was the Haiti Earthquake?

A

12/1/2010

71
Q

What was the magnitude of the Haiti EQ?

A

7.0

72
Q

How many aftershocks were there in the Haiti EQ?

A

33

73
Q

What is Haiti’s development like?

A

LIDC, poorest country in Western hemisphere, 80% of population live in abject poverty, life expectancy= 65, GNI per capita = $2930

74
Q

What were 3 main impacts of the Haiti EQ?

A
  • 230000 deaths
  • 300000 injuries
  • 1.5 million made homeless
  • $10 billion of damage
  • 2 million left without food or water
75
Q

What were 3 main responses to the Haiti EQ?

A
  • UK Gov donated £20 million
  • bottles water and purification tablets supplied
  • new homes built to higher standards
  • USA sent 1000 troops
  • 235000 people moved out of Port-au-Prince
76
Q

When was the Uk heatwave?

A

Summer 2018

77
Q

What caused the UK heatwave?

A

High air pressure and weak jet stream (unable to move high air pressure). Climate change and global warming - already increasing temperatures

78
Q

What is the UK’s development like?

A

AC- well developed with good infrastructure.

79
Q

What were 3 Key effects of the UK heatwave?

A
  • stress on local councils
  • boost in tourism
  • water shortages
  • suffering ecosystems
  • wildfires
  • mass littering
80
Q

What are 3 key responses to the UK heatwave?

A
  • hosepipe ban reduced water shortages by 5 to 10%
  • NHS and public health England heatwave plan
  • leveled warning system
81
Q

What caused the 2010 Iceland Volcanic eruption?

A

1) constructive plate boundary
2) magma filled chamber, increasing pressure and causing magma to rise, filling fissures in surface
3) increased silica and gas caused magma in chamber to thicken, causing a second eruption
4) reaction of lava and ice caused a tephra cloud

82
Q

What is Iceland’s development like?

A

AC - fourth most developed int he world
GNI per capita = over $70000
life expectancy = 83
literacy rate = 99%

83
Q

What were 3 main impacts of the Iceland 2010 Volcanic eruption?

A
  • all flights, worldwide, cancelled for 3 days after eruption
  • $2 billion cost to airlines
  • 04% drop in value of holiday companies
  • roads destroyed
  • health impacts, such as respiratory issues
  • flash floods caused 20 farms to be destroyed
84
Q

What were 3 main responses to the Iceland 2010 eruption?

A
  • National emergency agency were rapid to respond - bridges repaired..
  • countries grounding all aircrafts
  • no deaths
  • coordinated information given to public
85
Q

What are jet streams

A

Strong bands of wind which are found just below the troposphere where circulation cells meet

86
Q

Why is atmospheric circulation necessary?

A

there is an imbalance of solar energy on Earth’s surface (more at equator), atmospheric circulation redistributes this heat

Geography (7 decks)

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