Paper 1 - Medicine GCSE 2018 Flashcards
(72 cards)
What did they believe caused illnesses in 1000-1500?
- Illness was sent from God and was a punishment for a son
- Miasma belief in bad air causing illness
- Leprosy disease sent from God to punish
- The belief that the four humours being balanced would avoid illness
- Astrology was used to explain disease. Position of planets cause disease on earth
Who was Hippocrates?
Developed the theory of the four humours, encourages doctors to observe and record patients before diagnosing, wrote the Hippocratic collection, created the Hippocratic oath
Who was Galen?
Believed in four humours but developed it into the theory of the opposites e.g if u were too hot you had something cold to treat it. Proved that the brain controlled the body and not the heart as had previously been believed. His ideas were followed by the Church and believed throughout the Roman period and middle ages
Who invented the printing press and what did it lead to?
Johan Guttenberg in 1440 led to medical texts being spread a lot quicker
What did they rely on the Articella for?
Teach students in the middle ages
What did they rely on the Articella for?
Teach students in the middle ages
What were some treatments in the middle ages 1000 - 1500?
- Pilgrimes a to the tombs of people noted for their healing powers
- Attending mass and saying healing prayers
- Blood Letting
- Astrology treatments were given depending on your horoscope
- herbal remedies used to re balance the body
- Most people in the Middle ages were treated at home by a female family member
- Barber surgeons performed minor operations such as pulling teeth and bleeding patients
What were some prevention methods in the middle ages 1000 - 1500?
- Attending mass and saying healing prayers
- Diet was seen as being important. Eating too much was strongly discouraged
- Purifying the air was often used. Sweet herbs such as lavender
- Using charms to ward off diseases
Where would treatments take place in the middle ages?
Home - women would take care of relatives. Treatments included rest, herbal remedies and keeping the patient clean
Hospitals - number of hospitals increased during the middle ages. 30% were owned by the Church and run by monks and nuns. Some were set up to deal with lepers who were kept in isolation. Provided rest and care
Barber surgeons - performed simple operations using a sharp knife such as blood letting and pulling teeth out
Apothecary - less expensive than a doctor. They sold mixed herbal remedies
Physicians - attended uni for seven years. They diagnosed illness and suggested a treatment with ideas being based on Galen and Hippocrates. Studied patients urine using a chart. Only treated the rich.
When was the black death outbreaks and how much did it kill?
1348 caused the death of 40% of the population
What did they believe caused the black death in 1348?
- God sent plague as a punishment for sins
- position on the planets
- The four humours
- Bad air had poisoned the body
What were some of the treatments for the outbreak of the Black death in 1348?
- Holy charms were worn
- Bleeding and purging to rebalance the humours
- Sniffing strong herbs
- Fires were lit to remove bad air
- Victims would burst their bible’s in the hope it would get rid of the illness
- People prayed to God for forgiveness, donated money to the Church and confessed their sins
How did they prevent the Balck death outbreaks in 1348?
- Pray to God
- Flagellants would whip themselves
- People went on pilgrimages to holy places
- Rakers cleared the streets of dung and fines for throwing litter were increased
- To reduce waste on the streets, butcher’s w3r3 given a segregated part of the town use
- Victims were quarantined to prevent illness from spreading
- People carried poised of sweet smelling herbs
When was the Medical renaissance and what was it?
1500 - 1700
Time period know as the renaissance ( re-birth in learning) however there were little change overall in treatments and prevention
What was some continuing beliefs about the cause of disease in the Medical renaissance?
- Miasma
- God
- Supernatural
What was the change in beliefs during the Medical renaissance?
- Catholic Church lost influence due to the spread of Protestantism across Europe. Most people didn’t believe that illness was sent by God
- Theory of the four humours was still used however it became less popular
- Urine analysis no longer linked to Ill health
What was some new beliefs/influences during the Medical renaissance?
Animalcules - New idea that little animals were the cause of illness. Microscopes were used to identify these animals however the images weren’t clear
Printing Press - Invented in the 15th century by Johan Guttenberg. Helped to spread medical information quicker and further.
The Royal Society - Scientists wanted to talk to each other about their new ideas and this led to the royal society being established.
Who was Van Leeuwenhoek?
Had several letters published by the royal society including his theory about animalcula.
Who was Hooke?
Used his own microscope to confirm the finding from Van Leeuwenhoek
Who was Vesalius?
Wrote the book the fabric of the human body which questioned Galend ideas for the first time. The book included accurate drawings of the body. Found 300 mistakes Galen made including the human jaw bone had one bone not two, breast bone in three part not severn, human kidneys were level. Galen dissected animals
Who was Sydenham?
Important in moving medicine in Britain away from the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates. Closely observed patients treating the disease causing all the symptoms and not treating the symptoms separately. He identified measles and scarlet fever were different illnesses
What was some continuing ideas about treatment and prevention during the Medical renaissance?
- Blood Letting
- purging and swearing
- herbal remedies
- regimen sanitaties. List of instructions a patient should follow in order to stay healthy
- removal of bad air
- treatment by barber surgeon or women
What were some changes in the ideas about treatment and prevention during the Medical renaissance?
People started to believe in transference, people looked towards science for cures, hospitals began to treat people with curable diseases. The growth of alchemy led to people looking for chemical cures instead of herbal remedies
What was the changes in care and treatment during the Medical renaissance?
- Apothacaries and surgeons were better educated
- Wars were being fought with new technology which meant there were new wound that required different surgery
- increase in chemical cures led to new ingredients being available to apothacaries
- The decline in the power of church dissection became legal although it was difficult to get corpses. Printing Press helped training books were more widely available
