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My Geography > Paper 1 Section B > Flashcards

Paper 1 Section B Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

where is the example of human activities affecting an ecosystem

A

Avington park lake, Hampshire

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2
Q

what went wrong at Avington lake

A

it had no maintenance so became silted, the good view was blocked by vegetation, there were birds though

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3
Q

how was Avington lake improved

A

de-silted allowing for waterside habitats and has resulted in a more attractive place

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4
Q

how tall can the top canopy get it TRFs

A

50m

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5
Q

shrub and ground layer TRF

A

0-10m

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6
Q

lower tree canopy height TRF

A

10-20m

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7
Q

middle canopy height TRF

A

20-35m

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8
Q

top canopy height TRF

A

35-50m

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9
Q

threats to Malaysia’s rainforests

A

logging
mineral extraction
commercial farming
subsistence farming

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10
Q

how does logging affect Malaysia

A

1980s it became the no1 exporter of tropical wood
clear felling is bad and led to deforestation but now selective logging is mostly used

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11
Q

how does mineral extraction affect Malaysia

A

trees felled and infrastructure put in which divides up habitats

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12
Q

how does commercial farming affect malaysia

A

10 year tax incentives for plantations means that it is the largest palm oil exporter

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13
Q

how does subsistence farming affect Malaysia

A

traditionally it is sustainable on a very small scale, however slash and burn can result in large accidental deforestation

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14
Q

how much of Malaysia is TRF as a %

A

67%

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15
Q

TRF economic gain

A

job creation
tax revenue
infrastructure improvement
cheap HEP
valuable minerals

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16
Q

TRF economic losses

A

water pollution
fire pollution
temperature increase devastate farming
plants for medicines may become extinct
tourism decrease

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17
Q

impact of deforestation

A

soil erosion
biodiversity loss
reduces photosynthesis so increases climate change

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18
Q

what has Brazil done to reduce deforestation

A

reduced illegal deforestation
leading in the world for conservation
committed to reduce climate change
consumer pressure to reduce cattle ranching

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19
Q

what % of O2 in the world is made in TRFs

A

28%

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20
Q

how much medicine comes from TRFs

A

25%

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21
Q

how much of the worlds species are in TRFs

A

half

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22
Q

what resources in TRFs

A

hardwood
nuts
fruit
rubber

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23
Q

who live in TRFs

A

indigenous tribes

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24
Q

what is the rate of deforestation

A

a football field every 2 seconds

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25
what are the strategies for TRF management
selective logging conservation and education ecotourism international agreements
26
why do TRFs need to be sustainable
Indigenous tribes lasting resource for the future harness valuable resources without causing permanent damage
27
how does selective logging help TRF conservation
not all trees are cut down, only mature ones so there is no clear felling
28
how does education help TRF conservation
people are more aware of the impacts so they do not destroy trees
29
how does ecotourism help TRF conservation
provides long term income and educates people too
30
how does international agreements help TRF conservation
people agree to not cut down trees eg debt for nature swaps
31
what is a cold environment
they are below 0°C most of the time
32
what are the 3 types of cold regions
polar tundra alpine
33
what are the characteristics of a polar region
most extreme, ice sheets and always below 0°C
34
what are the characteristics of a tundra
less extreme than polar short summer permafrost
35
what are the characteristics of an alpine region
least extreme mountainous region very cold winters
36
what is permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil at the surface
37
climate of polar regions
extreme, winters can reach below -50°C
38
soil of polar regions
ice covered permafrost
39
plants of polar regions
few mosses and lichens on the fringes of ice
40
animals of polar regions
polar bears, penguins
41
climate of tundras
less extreme, winter down to -20°C, brief warm summer
42
soil of tundra
permafrost melts in summer causing waterlogging
43
plants of tundra
low growing flowering plants
44
animals of tundra
more species than polar arctic fox and arctic hare in summer, there are birds
45
adaptations of plants in tundra
low so protected from strong wind thick bark stems to improve stability small leathery leaves to retain moisture hairy stems for insulation bright berries to attract birds to spread seed
46
example of summer bird in tundras
ptarmigans
47
where is svalbard
near Mid-Atlantic ridge most northernly inhabited territory NW of Norway part of Norway
48
how many islands is Svalbard
5
49
how much of Svalbard is covered in glacier
60%
50
what is the population of Svalbard
2700
51
where do people live in Svalbard
Longyearbyen, largest island
52
what are development opportunities in Svalbard
mineral extraction energy developments fishing tourism
53
on Svalbard what is involved in mineral extraction
coal reserves main economic activity environmentally controversial
54
on Svalbard what is involved in energy developments (least important)
coal fired power station for all the local needs
55
on Svalbard what is involved in fishing
rich with lots of fish cod, herring and haddock carefully monitored and controlled to ensure sustainability
56
on Svalbard what is involved in tourism
cruises-glaciers, fjords and wildlife (POLAR BEARS) adventure tourists-hiking, kayaking and snowmobiling
57
how many species of fish in Svalbard
150
58
what is a likely future energy development is Svalbard
geothermal energy as it is renewable
59
what are development challenges
extreme temperatures construction services accessibility
60
In Svalbard, what is the challenge of extreme temperatures
temps below -30°C frostbite risk > many layers of clothing required outdoor work is very slow
61
In Svalbard, what is the challenge of construction
maintenance all happens in the short summer permafrost is protected so houses don't fall down dirt and gravel roads are raised above the ground
62
In Svalbard, what is the challenge of services
power and water have to be above ground in utility corridors which are insulated this allows for east maintenance and doesn't melt permafrost
63
In Svalbard, what is the challenge of accessibility
only reachable by sea or air no roads outside Longyearbyen international flights to Russia and Norway most people use snowmobiles
64
why are cold environments fragile
vegetation takes a long time to establish delicate ecosystem easy to damage and takes a long time to recover
65
what is an example of tundra damage and how long does it take to recover
tire tracks from off-roading decades to recover
66
what are risks associated with economic development in tundra
oil spills infrastructure such as roads, pipes and drilling equipment
67
what are problems with oil spills in cold environments
trees killed risk of accidental or deliberate fire lifeless rivers river edge habitat destroyed
68
why do cold environments need protecting
scientific research as they are unspoilt beautiful so tourism opportunities for fishing and forestry large biodiversity indigenous people who depend on it to survive
69
example of cold environment indigenous people
Arctic Inuits
70
how can risks to cold environments be reduced
technology action by government conservation groups
71
how can technology be used to reduce impacts on cold environments
Trans Alaskan pipeline engineered to slide during earthquakes Prudhoe bay to Valdez
72
how can action by government be used to reduce impacts on cold environments
laws are put in place to protect wildlife
73
how can action by conservation groups be used to reduce impacts on cold environments
WWF works with oil companies, Inuit organisations and local communities and governments for a sustainable future
74
how long is the Trans Alaskan Pipeline
1300km
75
what does the Trans Alaskan Pipeline cross
800 rivers 2 mountain ranges
76
what are some adaptations of the Trans Alaskan Pipeline
insulated to not melt permafrost raised to allow caribou to migrate shuts off automatically if leak is found
77
what was done in the Antarctic treaty
prevents economic development promotes scientific research controls tourism disturbance to a minimum

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