Paper 1 Section C Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
what are the UK’s river systems
A
extensive, sources in mountain ranges and hills
2
Q
example of a UK river system
A
Cambrian mountains down in the Avon into the channel
3
Q
what is the location of the UK’s upland regions
A
NW of the Taees-Exe line
4
Q
what is the location of the UK’s lowland regions
A
SE of the Taees-Exe line
5
Q
what is a landscape
A
are that is formed by natural and human actions
6
Q
how do waves form
A
wind blows over sea
friction with the surface of the water causes ripples
7
Q
how do tsunamis form
A
earthquakes or volcanos shake the seabed
8
Q
steps of a wave
A
- circular orbit in open water
- friction with the seabed distorts this motion
- crest moves faster, more elliptical
- waves breaks
9
Q
constructive wave characteristics
A
low waves
far apart
gently sloping
swash>backwash
shallow beach
10
Q
destructive waves
A
high waves
close together
steep wave front
swash<backwash
steep beach
11
Q
mechanical weathering
A
disintegration of rock
eg. freeze
12
Q
chemical weathering
A
caused by chemical reactions
eg. carbonation
13
Q
biological weathering
A
caused by flora and fauna, both mechanical and chemical
eg. rabbit droppings
14
Q
what are the 4 mass movements
A
rockfall
landslide
mudflow
rotational slip
15
Q
what is a rockfall
A
rock breaks away due to freeze thaw
16
Q
A
17
Q
what is a mudflow
A
saturated soil and weak rock flows downhill
18
Q
what is a rotational slip
A
slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface
19
Q
corrasion
A
rock fragments are picked up and thrown against a cliff
20
Q
abrasion
A
sandpaper like effect where pebbles grind over a platform
21
Q
how is LSD caused
A
when waves hit the beach at an angle
22
Q
what can influence coastal landform
A
rock type (hardness)
geological structure (concordant vs discordant, what the strata do)
23
Q
what are the levels of dunes
A
high tide ridge
foredune
yellow dune
grey dune
water table
24
Q
what are sandy beach caused by
A
constructive waves
25
what are rocky beach caused by
destructive waves
26
how do embryo dunes form
around obstacles
27
how does a spit form
LSD moves sand out across a headland and the prevailing wind means that it curves round, making a saltmarsh
28
where is Swanage
S coast, in Dorset,
29
what is special about Poole harbour
largest natural one in the world
30
what coastline is in the south
concordant
31
what coastline is in the east
discordant
32
what are some characteristics of Swanage Beach
it is a sheltered, sandy beach in Swanage Bay
33
hard engineering types
sea walls
groynes
rock armour
gabions
34
sea walls info
5-10k per M
v effective + create walkway
can look ugly
expensive
35
groynes info
150k for each
creates a wide beach for tourism
interrupt LSD
can be ugly
36
rock armour info
200k per 100m
quite cheap
adds interest to coast
rocks from far away don't fit in
expensive to transport rock
37
gabion info
50k per 100m
cheap
eventually become vegetated
cages rust
ugly initially
38
soft engineering types
beach nourishment
dune regeneration
dune fencing
39
beach nourishment info
500k per 100m
blends in
more tourism
expensive
needs maintenace
40
dune regeneration info
2k per 100m
very cheap
keeps good habitat
time consuming
easily damaged
41
dune fencing
2k per 100m
little natural impact
controlling access protects ecosystems
ugly
maintenance needed
42
what is managed retreat
allows sea to flood or erode an are of low value
43
how much did the Medmerry managed retreat cost
28 million
44
what did the Medmerry managed retreat do?
large natural saltmarsh
protects surrounding area
creates wildlife habitat for tourists
45
what are problems at Lyme Regis
unstable cliffs
powerful waves from south
erosion has destroyed properties
often sea walls breached
46
where is Lyme Regis
S coast of Dorset
small town
47
cost of Lyme Regis development
43 million
48
positives of Lyme Regis development
new beaches has increased tourism
new defences withstood winter weather
better protected harbour
49
negatives of Lyme Regis development
more traffic and litter from increased tourism
some think they're ugly
sea wall interferes with natural processes
50
how far did ice get in the last ice age
most of the UK was ice, some of it was tundra in the south
51
what are weathering processes (glacial)
freeze thaw:
jagged landscape
weakens rocks
creates scree
52
what is glacial movement
basal slip
rotational slip
internal deformation
53
what is basal slip
meltwater lubricates the glacier in summer
54
what is rotational slip
where hollows are carved due to circular motion
55
what is internal deformation
weight of ice cause crystals to change shape
56
what are glacial erosional processes
abrasion
striations
plucking
57
glacial transportation
moraine
bulldozing
58
glacial deposition
occurs at snout
till/boulder clay remains after ice melts
outwash - finer material is carreid by meltwater
59
3 steps of a corrie
ice accumulates in a hollow
rotational slip occurs with plucking and abrasion
ice melts leaving a tarn and a rock lip with a jagged summit
60
how do arêtes form
knife ridge separating 2 corries
61
what is a ribbon lake
deep narrow lake formed from severe glacial trough erosion
62
what are truncated spurs
glaciers cut straight through interlocking spurs
63
hanging valley formation
small tributary valleys formed by abrasion
64
what is moraine
weathered and eroded rock that is moved by the glacier like a conveyor belt
65
lateral moraine
forms at edges of glaciers
scree from freeze thaw
forms low ridges
66
medial moraine
when a tributary meets with the main glacier, 2 lateral moraines together
67
ground moraine
material below a glacier
left behind when it melts
68
terminal moraine
material piles up at the snout of the glacier
furthest advance of the glacier
69
how do drumlins form
egg shaped, hundreds of metres long
moraine builds up after being deposited
70
which direction does a drumlin form in relation to the glacier
the gentle slope points downhill
71
what is an erratic
a large boulder that doesn't fit into the geology due to being transported
72
opportunities in glaciated regions
farming
forestry
quarrying
tourism
73
farming opportunities in upland glaciated regions
thin and acidic soil due to erosion
best suited to grazing
74
forestry opportunities in glaciated regions
coniferous trees well adapted to acidic soil
20-30 years to grow to make soft wood for construction or paper
75
farming opportunities in lowland glaciated regions
lots of thicker soil in the valley and flat so better for growing crops
76
quarrying opportunities in upland glaciated regions
hard resistant rock good for construction and roads
77
quarrying opportunities in lowland glaciated regions
sand and gravel from meltwater streams used for concrete
78
what opportunity sit there for quarrying specifically in the Pennine Hills
limestone for making cement
79
tourism opportunities in glaciated regions
lots of outdoot activites and employment
eg. Aviemore in Scotland
80
what is there to do in Aviemore
activity centre for:
skiing
wildlife
walking
climbing
MTB
81
conflict over land use in glaciated regions
wind farms in Lake District
150k for 3 wind turbines
82
why is there controversy over the wind turbines
ugly
fewer tourists
house prices fall
83
Lake District physical attractions
lakes
mountains
adventure activites
84
Lake District cultural attractions
landscape inspired poets such as Wordsworth
scenic town such as Ambleside
monuments such as Muncaster Castle
85
Social impact of tourism on the Lake District
high house prices
tourism jobs are badly paid and seasonal
86
Economic impact of tourism on the Lake District
thousands of jobs
congestion slows businesses
87
Environmental impact of tourism on the Lake District
damaged footpaths
car pollution
walkers disturb farmland
88
how any annual visitors in the Lake District
15 million
89
how much annual income in the lake district
1.4 billion
90
management for congestion in the Lake District
dual carriageways for accessibility
traffic calming measures such as speed bumps
park and ride schemes
91
management for footpath erosion in the Lake District
Fix the Fells charity
