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AS PE > PAPER 1 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement

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2
Q

Define CONCENTRIC

A

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)

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3
Q

Define ECCENTRIC

A

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)

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4
Q

Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

A

there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement

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5
Q

What are FIXATORS ?

A

the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over

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6
Q

Define FLEXION

A

a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint

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7
Q

Define EXTENSION

A

a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint

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8
Q

Define LATERAL

A

towards the outside

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9
Q

Define MEDIAL

A

towards the middle

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10
Q

Define POSTERIOR

A

towards the back

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11
Q

Define ANTERIOR

A

towards the front

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12
Q

What movement occurs at the WRIST ?

A
  • flexion

- extension

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13
Q

What movement occurs at the ELBOW ?

A
  • flexion

- extension

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14
Q

What movement occurs at SHOULDER ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
  • horizontal extension
  • horizontal flexion
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15
Q

What movement occurs at the HIP ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
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16
Q

What movement occurs at the KNEE ?

A
  • flexion

- extension

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17
Q

What movement occurs at the ANKLE ?

A
  • plantar flexion

- dorsi flexion

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18
Q

WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

wrist flexors

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19
Q

WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

wrist extensors

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20
Q

ELBOW : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

biceps brachii

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21
Q

ELBOW : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

triceps brachii

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22
Q

SHOULDER : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

anterior deltoid

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23
Q

SHOULDER : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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24
Q

SHOULDER : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

A

latissimus dorsi

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25
Q

SHOULDER : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

A

middle deltoid

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26
Q

SHOULDER : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

teres major

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27
Q

SHOULDER : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

teres minor

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28
Q

SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL F : AGONIST

A

pectorals major

29
Q

SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL E : AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

30
Q

HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

iliopsoas

31
Q

HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

gluteus maximus

32
Q

HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

A

adductor longus, brevis, magnus

33
Q

HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

A

gluteus medius / minus

34
Q

HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

gluteus medius / minus

35
Q

HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

gluteus maximus

36
Q

KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

bicep femoris

37
Q

KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

rectus femoris

38
Q

ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST

A

gastrocnemius & soleus

39
Q

ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST

A

tibialis anterior

40
Q

What plane is flexion in ?

A

sagittal

41
Q

What plane is extension in ?

A

sagittal

42
Q

What plane is adduction in ?

A

frontal

43
Q

What plane is abduction in ?

A

frontal

44
Q

What plane is medial rotation in ?

A

horizontal

45
Q

What plane is lateral rotation in ?

A

horizontal

46
Q

What plane in horizontal flexion in ?

A

horizontal

47
Q

What plane in horizontal extension in ?

A

horizontal

48
Q

What are the three muscle types ?

A
  • slow oxidative (type 1)
  • fast oxidative (type 2)
  • fast glycolytic (type 2X)
49
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • store oxygen in MYOGLOBIN
  • produce OXYGEN in the MITOCHONDRIA
  • work AEROBICALLY
  • produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue
  • e.g. marathon
50
Q

What are fast oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • produce large amounts of force quickly
  • have the capacity to resist fatigue
  • e.g. 800m
51
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • work anaerobically
  • large stores of PHOSPHOCREATINE
  • fatigue quickly
  • e.g. 100m
52
Q

What is a MOTOR NEURON ?

A

a NERVE CELL which transmits a NERVE IMPULSE to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES

53
Q

What is a MOTOR UNIT ?

A

a MOTOR NEURON and the MUSCLE FIBRE stimulated by its AXON

54
Q

What is ACTION POTENTIAL ?

A

POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE inside the NERVE and MUSCLE CELL which conducts the NERVE IMPULSE down the NEURON and into the MUSCLE FIBRE

55
Q

What is a NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION ?

A

where the axon’s MOTOR END PLATES meets the MUSCLE FIBRE

56
Q

What is a SYNAPTIC CLEF ?

A

the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre

57
Q

What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?

A

a CHEMICAL produced that carries the ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across the SYNAPTIC CLEF and to the MUSCLE FUBRE

58
Q

Define MITOCHONDRIA

A

a STRUCTURE in the SARCOPLASM responsible for AEROBIC ENERGY PRODUCTION

59
Q

Define MYOGLOBIN

A

a PROTEIN in the muscle responsible for TRANSPORTING OXYGEN to the MITOCHONDRIA

60
Q

Define AEROBIC

A

low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen

61
Q

Define ANAEROBIC

A

high intensity, short-duration exercise without the presence of oxygen

62
Q

Define FATIGUE

A

a SUBJECTIVE feeling of tiredness that has a GRADUAL ONSET and can have physical and mental causes

63
Q

Define ELASTICITY

A

the ABILITY of an object or material to RESUME its normal shape after being stretched or compressed

64
Q

Define GLYCOGEN LOADING

A

the MANIPULATION of CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE in the week before competition to maximize stores of glycogen

65
Q

Define CAPILLARY

A

a FINE BRANCHING blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein

66
Q

Define DENSITY

A

a measurement that compares an objects mass to volume

67
Q

Define PHOSPHOCTREATINE

A

a HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND store in the muscle cell used as a FUEL for high intensity energy production

68
Q

Define GLYCOGEN

A

glycogen is a READILY MOBILIZED storage form of glucose and is the MAIN FUEL SOURCE for our cells

69
Q

What is ACETYLCHOLINE

A

the NEURONTRANSMITTER used at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

AS PE (5 decks)

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