Paper 1 Topic 1 (Y10) Flashcards
(49 cards)
Functions of the skeletal system
Protection
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
Joints for movement
Muscle attachment
Protection
The skeleton provides protection for vital organs including your heart and vital organs
E.g. If you get hit on the head in hockey your skull will protect your brain
Blood cell production
-Blood cells are produced in bona marrow
-Platelets help blood to Clot
-Red blood cells transport oxygen to working muscles
-White blood cells help fight infection
Mineral Storage
Bones store calcium and phosphorus, two minerals that are vital for developing and maintaining strong and healthy bones
Joints for movement
-Joints are where two or more bones meet
-Joints let the body make a variety of movements
-This can be ‘fine’(such as holding a pen) or ‘gross’ (such as throwing a javelin)
Muscle attachment
Muscles attach to bones via tendons. When the muscle contracts it pulls the bone causing movement.
Classification of bones
-Long bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
-Irregular bones
Long bones
-Long bones aid movement by working as levers
-Examples: Humerous and femur
-Sport Example: They act as a lever to kick a football
Short bones
-Short bones are associated with weight bearing and provide support
-Example: Carpals and tarsals
-Sport example: Supporting the body weight in a handstand
Flat bones
-Flat bones provide protection and have a large surface area for mucles to attach to
-Examples: Ribs and sternum
-Sport example: The cranium protects the brain if hit by a cricket ball
Irregular bones
-Irregular bones provide protection and allow muscle to attach
-Example: Vertebrae
-Sport example: The muscles attach to the vertebrae allowing a hockey player to bend down for the ball
What is a joint?
A joint is where 2 or more bones meet. Joints allow movement. We need to know about the following types of joints.
Hinge Joint
-Located in the elbow, knee and ankle
-Movement: Flexion and extension, dorsi-flexion and plantar-flexion (pointing with the toes)
Ball and socket joints
-Located in hip and shoulder
-Movement: Rotation, extension, flexion, abduction, adduction
Pivot joints
Located in Neck
Movement: Rotation
Condyloid joint
Located in wrist
Movement: Extension, flexion, circumduction
Flexion
When the angle at a joint decreases
Flexion occurs at hinge, ball and socket and condyloid
Sporting example: Bending the knee back in preparation to kick a football
Extension
When the angle at a joint increases
Extension occurs at aa hinge ball and socket and condyloid joints
Sporting example: At the knee when following through after kicking a football
Adduction
The movement of a limb towards from the middle of the body (your ADDING a body part to your body)
Adduction occurs at ball and socket joints
Sporting example: When moving the arms and legs towards the body during a star jump
Abduction
The movement of a limb Away from the middle of the body
Abduction occurs at ball and socket joints
Sporting example: When reaching out sideways to intercept a basketabll pass
Rotation
When the bone at a joint moves around its own axis, so making a circular movement
Rotation occurs at ball and socket joints
Sporting example: At the shoulder when swimming front crawl.
Circumduction
Movement in the shape of a cone. Allows 360 degree movement
Circumduction occurs at ball and socket joints
Sporting example: at the shoulder when swimming butterfly
Plantar-flexion
The movement of Pointing the toes Plantar-flexion occurs at hinge Joints (ankle)
Sporting example: When a ballet dancer is on their toes
Dorsi-Flexion
The movement of lifting the toes towards the shin Dorsi-flexion occurs at hinge joints (ankle)
Sporting example: When a hurdler lifts the leg to clear the barrier
