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Edexcel Gcse Biology > Paper 1 - Topic 2, Cells And Control > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Topic 2, Cells And Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cells

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

A form of reproduction involving one parent that creates genetically identical offspring

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3
Q

What is an axon

A

A long fibre that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

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4
Q

What is cancer

A

A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

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5
Q

What is a cataract

A

A cloudy patch that forms on the lens of the eye and prevents light entering normally
- people affected have blurred vision, difficultly seeing the intensity of colours and problems with glare

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6
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

A series of events that take place in a cell involving cell growth, DNA replication and cell division

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7
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The process by which an undifferentiated cell becomes specialised for its function

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8
Q

What is cell elongation

A

The process where cells expand and enlarge enabling the growth of a plant

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9
Q

What parts of the body make up the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes

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11
Q

What are cone cells

A

Cells found in the retina that are sensitive to high intensity light and they detect different colours

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12
Q

What is the cornea

A

The transparent outer covering that reflects light entering the eye

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13
Q

What are dendrites

A

Short, branched extensions of dendrons that provide a large SA to receive nerve impulses from other neurons

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14
Q

What is a dendron

A

Branched extensions of a nerve cell body that connects to other neurones and carry impulses towards the body

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15
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome

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16
Q

What is an effector

A

An organ, tissue or cell that produces a response to a stimulus

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17
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells found in very early embryos that are unspecialised and capable of differentiating into any cell type

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18
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome

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19
Q

What is the iris

A

A pigmented ring of muscles that controls the size of the pupil to alter how much light enters the eye

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20
Q

What is the lens

A

A transparent, biconvex structure that refracts light focusing it on the retina

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21
Q

What causes long sightedness

A

When the eyeball is too short or the lens is too elastic

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22
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

The region of the brain that regulates unconscious activities like breathing

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23
Q

What is the meristem tissue

A

Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells

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24
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells with a full set of chromosomes from one parent cell

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25
Q

What is a motor neurone

A

A neurone that carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors

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26
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

An electrically insulating layer that surrounds the axon and increases the speed of nerve cells

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27
Q

What are neurones

A

Nerve cells adapted to quickly transmit never impulses

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28
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are used for communication between neurones and their target cells

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29
Q

What is a reflex

A

A rapid and automatic response to a stimulus by the body

30
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

Stimulus —> sensory receptor —> sensory neurone —> relay neurone —> motor neurone —> effector —> response

31
Q

What is a relay neurone

A

A neurone that carries never impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones within the CNS

32
Q

What is the retina

A

A light sensitive layer at the back of the eye composed of rod and cone cells, converts light into neural signals which are sent to the brain

33
Q

What are rod cells

A

Cells found in the retina that are sensitive to low light intensity

34
Q

What is a sensory neurone

A

A neurone that carries nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS

35
Q

What is a sensory receptor

A

A specialised structure that detects a specific type of stimulus

36
Q

What causes short sightedness

A

When eyeball is too long or lens is too thick and rounded

37
Q

What is a synapse

A

A small gap between neurones across which a nerve impulse is transmitted via neurotransmitters

38
Q

What happens during interphase

A
  • DNA is spread out in long strings
  • before it divides the cell grows to increase amount of sub-cellular structures
  • then it duplicates its DNA so there’s one copy for each new cell and forms X-shaped chromosomes
  • each arm is identical to each other
39
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase

40
Q

What happens at prophase

A

The chromosomes condense and get shorter and fatter, the membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm

41
Q

What happens at metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

42
Q

What happens at anaphase

A

Spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes and then the chromatids get pulled to opposite ends of the cell

43
Q

What happens at telophase

A

Membranes form around each set of the chromosomes, these become the new nuclei of the two new cells, the nucleus has divided

44
Q

What happens at cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two genetically identical daughter cells

45
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function

A
  • head contains haploid nucleus, contains half the genetic material
  • acrosome contains digestive enzymes so sperm can fertilise egg
  • mid-piece has lots of mitochondria for energy to swim+fertilise egg
  • tail enables sperm to swim
46
Q

How are egg cells adapted to their function

A
  • lots of cytoplasm which has lots of nutrients for growth of early embryo
  • haploid nucleus, contains half of the genetic material
  • cell membrane changes after fertilisation by a single sperm so no more sperm can enter
47
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function

A
  • adapted to waft bacteria and other particles up the throat or down to the stomach
  • extensions of the cytoplasm at the surface to form hair-like structures (cilia) which beat to move mucus and trapped particles up to the throat
48
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found and what can they differentiate into

A

Found in early human embryos and can differentiate into any cell

49
Q

Where are adult stem cells found and what can they differentiate into

A

Found in bone marrow and can only differentiate into certain cells, in animals they are used to replace damaged cells

50
Q

Where is meristem tissue found and what do they do

A

Found in areas of the plant that are growing and meristems produce unspecialised cells that can divide to form any cell type for as long as the plant lives

51
Q

What are the risks of using stem cell treatment

A
  • Tumour development, stem cells divide very quickly and a tumour could form if scientists can’t control the rate at which the transplanted cells divide
  • Disease transmission - viruses live inside cells so if donor cells are infected, the disease could be passed on making patient sicker
  • Rejection - if transplanted cells are being used for patients own body, the patients body may recognise foreign cells and trigger and immune response to try get rid of them
52
Q

What are the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research

A

Some argue that human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments because each one is potential human life

53
Q

What is the role of the cerebrum in the brain

A
  • largest part of brain and divided into two hemispheres
  • right hemisphere controls left side of body
  • left hemisphere controls right side of body
  • different parts of cerebrum responsible for different things: movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision
54
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance

55
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate

56
Q

How are treating problems in the Central nervous system tricky

A
  • hard to repaid the damage to the nervous system, neurons don’t readily repair themselves and their is no way to repair nervous tissue right now
  • if a problem occurs in a part of the nervous system that’s hard to access, it can be hard to treat
  • treatments to the nervous system can lead to permanent damage eg repairing the spinal cord can lead to risks of paralysis
57
Q

What is the time it takes you to respond to a stimulus called

A

Reaction time

58
Q

Which way do dendrites and dendrons carry nerve impulses

A

Towards the body

59
Q

Which way do axons carry nerve impulses

A

Away from the body

60
Q

How do synapses work

A

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap, the neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

61
Q

What are reflexes

A

Automatic, rapid response to stimuli

62
Q

How can reflexes help prevent injury

A
  1. When a stimulus is detected by receptors, impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS
  2. When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and relay neurone, they trigger neurotransmitters to be released and these cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone
  3. When the impulses reach the synapse between the relay neurone and motor neurone, neurotransmitters are released and cause impulses to be sent along motor neurone
  4. Impulses then travel along motor neurone to the effector (eg a muscle)
  5. The muscle contracts and moves the limb away from what caused the pain
63
Q

How do reflexes help protect the eye

A
  • light receptors detect the bright light and send a message along sensory neurone to the brain which then travels along a relay neurone to a motor neurone which tells circular muscles in the iris to contract making it smaller so less light can enter
64
Q

What does the cornea do

A

Refracts light into the eye

65
Q

What does the iris do

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

66
Q

What is the function of the lens

A

Also refracts light focusing it on the retina

67
Q

What does the retina do

A

The light sensitive part and it’s covered in receptor cells called rods and cones which detect light

68
Q

What do rods do

A

More sensitive in dim light but can’t sense colour

69
Q

What do cones do

A

They are sensitive to different colours but not so good in dim light

70
Q

Describe the eye when focusing on distant objects

A
  • ciliary muscles relax, which allows suspensory ligaments to pull tight
  • pulls the lens into a less rounded shape so less light is refracted
71
Q

Describe the eye when focusing on close up objects

A

Ciliary muscles contracts, which slacken suspensory ligaments
Lens becomes shorter and fatter allowing more light to be refracted

Edexcel Gcse Biology (9 decks)

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