Paper 2 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Where is Rio de Janeiro
A
Eastern Brazil
2
Q
Why has Rio grown (3)
A
- International migration
- Internal migraion
- Natural increase
3
Q
What is Rio’s access to healthcare like (2)
A
- Free healthcare
- 3 public, 6 private hospitals
4
Q
What is Education like in Rio (2)
A
- Good compared to rural areas of Brazil
- Poor education in favelas
5
Q
What is Rio’s energy like (3)
A
- 99% have direct access to electricity
- Two nuclear reactors
- community energy programe has fitted over 150 solar panels in slums
6
Q
What are some economic opportunities for growth in Rio (6)
A
- Service and retail
- Port
- Large labour supply from large population
- Existing industries can support triggering the multiplyer effect
- Oil
- Tourism
7
Q
How have industrial areas stimulated economic development (2)
A
Ternium steelworks
* Brazilian government benefit from tax
* Local people secure employment
8
Q
What is a squatter settlement
A
the unplanned uses of land by homeless people
9
Q
What is a favela
A
Self-built housing on public or private land which lacks infostructure
10
Q
What are the challenges of living in favelas
A
- Construction
- Unemploymeny
- Services
- Crime
- Health
11
Q
How is demand for food in the UK changing (3)
A
- Increase in demand for exotic high-value foods from abroad
- Demand for out of season fruits and plants to be avaliable all year around
- Demand for organic alternatives
12
Q
Why is most produce transported by air
A
it is perishable
13
Q
How does River Food organic farm help (4)
A
- Reduces food miles
- Supports local farmers
- Provides local employment
- Builds a strong link between grower and consumer
14
Q
How does increase in food demand effect the UK’s carbon footprint (2)
A
increases it due to
* food miles when importing
* Cattle farming
15
Q
What is agribusiness
A
large commercial farms with high levels of investment. They often use modern or specialised technology
16
Q
How is the demand for water changing in the UK (5)
A
- Population increase, especially in the south-east of England
- Greater use of domestic appliences, such as washing machines
- Increasing demand for irrigation, both in fields and greenhouses
- Increasing use for leasure, such as watering golf courses
- Rapid growth of house building
17
Q
What are the main sources of water in the UK (3)
A
- Rivers
- Reservoirs
- Groundwater aquifiers
18
Q
What is a water deficit
A
when water demand exceeds supply, so there is a shortage
19
Q
Which parts of the UK are in a water deficit
A
The south and east
20
Q
Why is there a water deficit in the south and east of the UK (2)
A
- Most densly populated part of the UK
- Lowest rainfall
21
Q
What is a water surplus
A
when water supply exceeds demand, so there is an excess
22
Q
Where is there a water surplus in the UK
A
north and west
23
Q
Why is there a water surplus in the north and east of the UK (4)
A
- High rainfall
- Low rates of evaporation
- Lots of sites for reservours
- Demand is relatively low
24
Q
What does water stress mean
A
when water demand exceeds supply
25
What is a water transfer scheme
schemes which attempt to match supply and demand by moving water from areas with a water surplus to areas with a water deficit
26
What are the downsides to water transfer schemes (3)
* Enormous cost that comes with constructing dams, tunnels and pipelines
* Potential damage to the ecosystem caused by the mixing of flora and fauna as water is transfered from one part of the country to another
* Greenhouse gasses are emmited when fossils fuels are used to generate extra electricity required to pump water over large distances
27
Describe the water treating process in the UK
1. Collect rain
2. Store water
3. Screen the water
4. Remove any particles
5. Remove bacteria
6. Water is ready
28
What are some causes of water pollution (5)
* Oil spills
* Sewage
* Urban runoff
* Fertlisiers / pesticides
* Landfills
29
What are the main sources of poluted water (3)
* Detergents from washing machines
* Run off from houses
* Paved streets and roads
29
What are the ''farming rules for water'' (5)
* Restict chemical uses and for them to not be used near rivers
* Keep animals 50m away from water sources
* Plant and vegetation breaks around fields to avoid runoff into streams
* Resticted ploughing to maintain soil structure and prevent soil erosion
* Control the use of manure and use effective storage to avoid spills
30
What are the economic impacts to using fossil fuels (3)
* Creates employment
* There are still large reserves in the UK
* They are a finite source
31
What are the environmental impacts to using fossil fuels (3)
* Emission of greenhouse gasses
* Mining causes landscape destruction
* Danger of oil spillages
32
What are the economic impacts to using Nuclear energy (3)
* Expensive to build nuclear plants
* Decommissioning is epensive and involves contaminated materials
* Fuel is non-renewable but can be recycled
33
What are the environmental impacts to using Nuclear energy (3)
* Radioactive waste is expensive and controversial to dispose of
* No greenhouse gases are emmited
* Risk of harmfull radioactive leaks
34
What are the economic impacts to using renewable energy (3)
* Free renewable power source (wind, sun, tidal)
* Electricy produced can be variable
* Cost of installation is falling significantly
35
What are the environmental impacts to using renewable energy (2)
* Negative visual impact on landscape
* Low levels of noise pollution with wind turbines
36
Economic and environmental issues with Fracking (3)
* Possibility of earthquakes, caused by the fracturing rocks
* Pollution of undergound water sources from contaminated liquids
* The high costs of extraction
37
What are the economic impacts to using wind farms (3)
* High construction costs
* May destroy landscape
* Some windfarms attract visitors by becoming tourist attractions
38
What are the environmental impacts to using wind farms (3)
* Visual impact on the landscape, for example in the Lake District
* Wind farms avoid harmful gas emissions and help reduce the carbon footprint
* Noise from wind turbines
39
Why is food consumption increasing across the world? (4)
* Economic development
* Population growth
* Larger availability of food
* Dietary changes
40
How does **economic development** increase food consumption across the world
Increase in development leades to a higher standard of living meaning more food
41
How does **population growth** increase food consumption across the world
More people to feed leads to an increase in demand and consumption
42
How does **improvement in food transport** increase food consumption across the world
Imrpovements in food transport (refrigirated lorries) allows for a longer shelf life so longer time for it to be bought and consumed
43
How does **dietry changes** increase food consumption across the world
people changing to vegetarians / vegans so more vegetables are consumed
44
Define **food security**
having access to enough safe, affordable and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle
45
What is food security measured by
FSI → Food Security Index
46
What 6 factors affect **food** **security**
* Climate
* Pests and disease
* Water stress
* Technology
* Conflict
* Poverty
47
How does **climate** affect food security
Climates affect the productivity and the types of food that can be grown.
48
How does **water stress** affect food security
Crops can not be watered. Lack of water can lead to desertification, making soil unfertile
49
How do **pests and diseases** affect food security
Pests eat the crops whilst disease can cause widespread death in animals.
50
How does **technology** affect food security (2)
* Less efficient without technology such as tractors
* Poor use of irrigation can lead to waterlogging
51
How does **conflict** affect food security (2)
* Wars can result in destruction of crops and livestock
* Transport networks can be distrupted, preventing food distribution
52
How does **poverty** affect food security
Poorer countries can not afford technology, irrigation systems or fertilisers
53
What are the impacts of **food insecurity**
* Famine
* Undernutrition
* Soil erosion
* Rising prices
54
define **famine**
widespread lack of access to food often causing malnutrition, starvation and death
55
Define **undernutrition**
lack of a balanced diet, and deficiency in minerals and vitamins
56
define **soil erosion**
the removal of fertile topsoil by wind and water.
57
how can **soil erosion** occur (3)
* Overgrazing → too many animals eat from the land, vegetation is destroyed and the soil becomes exposed to wind and rain
* Overcultivation → too many crops planted, can exhaust soils making them infertile and friable
* Deforistation → removing trees which protects the soil against heavy rain
58
define **friable**
loose and crumbly (soil)
59
How does rising prices affect food insecutiy
Poorer countries can not afford to pay high prices to import food, fertilisers, animal feed ect.
60
How can we **increase food supply** (5)
* Irrigation systems
* Aeroponics and Hydroponics
* The 'new' green revolution
* Biotchnology
* Apropriate technology
61
Define **irrigation**
the artificial watering of land
62
What are **aeroponics**
Plants which are sprayed with a mist of water, containing plant nutrients. Excess water is collected and reused
63
What are **hydroponics**
plants that are grown in mineral-rich water
64
What does the term **''green revolution''** mean
the use of modern framing techniques, such as the use if machines anc chemicals and new strains of plants
65
What does the **''new'' green revolution** focus on
sustainability
66
What techniques are used for the **''new'' green revolution** (4)
* Water harvesting
* Irrigation
* Soil conservation
* Improving seed and livestock quality using new sciences and technologies
67
How can **biotechnology** help increase food supply (4)
* Genetically modifying crops and animals
* These crops will produce a higher yeild, using fewer fertilisers
* Can be resistant to disease
* Can work the same with less water requirements
68
Define **appropriate technology**
using skills or materials that are cheap and easily avaliable, to increase output, **without** putting people out of work
69
What would be **appropriate technology** within food management
Small scale water hervisting equipment
70
Where does the **Indus Basin Irrigation System** flow
through Pakistan into the Arabian sea
71
What are the **6 advantages** to the Indus Basin Irrigation system
* Improves food security for Pakistan as 40% more of the land is avaliable for crops to be planted
* Provides water to 1.6million km2 of Pakistan
* Irrigation increases crop yeilds, fruit 150%
* Diets improve
* Fish farming in reservours allows for protien
* Food based industries have developed
72
What are the **5 disadvantages** to the Indus Basin Irrigation System
* Farmers may take an unfair share of water depriving those downstream
* High temperatures in summer cause high water loss via evaporation
* Poor irrigation techniques mean water is wasted
* Population growth will later increase water demand
* High costs to maintain canals
73
What is **organic farming**
growing crops or livestock without the use of chemicals (fertilisers, pesticides)
74
Define **permaculture**
agricultural systems which are meant to be self sustainable
75
3 examples of **permaculture**
* Organic gardening
* Use of crop rotation
* Keeping animals like bees
76
What is **crop rotation**
planting different crops in the same area
77
What is **urban farming**
growing food in spaces in and around cities
78
4 reasons why **urban farming** is becoming more popular
* New jobs are created in cities
* Brightens urban enviroments
* Attracts wildlife such as bees and butterflies
* Greater choice of fresh foods
79
How can **sustainable meat** be achieved
* Small-scale livestock farming
* Free-range
* Organic
80
4 benefits to seasonal produce
* Reduction of transport so less co2
* Supports local economy
* Cheaper as less costs going to transport
* Follows natural seasonal cycle
81
4 ways to reduce **food waste**
* Clearer food labeling (best before, use by)
* Improving food storage, better fridges
* Processing foods to increse shelf-life
* Using sealed plastic packaging to make products last longer
