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paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atkinson and Shriffen stages of memory

A

STSS
STM
LTM

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2
Q

draw the A+S memory model

A

STSS
attention
STM
rehearsal
LTM
retrieval
STM

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3
Q

STSS capacity and duration

A

unlimited
<1 second

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4
Q

what is selective attention

A

when relative information is filtered through to the STM or it is forgotten

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5
Q

STM capacity and duration

A

5-9
<1 minute

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6
Q

LTM capacity and duration

A

unlimited
unlimited

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7
Q

2 advantages of A+S memory model

A

simplified the memory process
explains why those with brain injuries have trouble remembering stuff

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8
Q

2 disadvantages of the A+S memory model

A

maybe its too simplified
doesn’t prove the distinction between STM and LTM

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9
Q

draw the Craik and Lockhart memory model

A

shallow - structural and phonetic
deep - semantic

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10
Q

what is the structural level, phonetic level and semantic level of processing

A

structural - what the info looks like
phonetic - what the info sounds like
semantic - what the info actually means

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11
Q

2 advantages of the C+L memory model

A

explains the more we understand about something the more likely we are to remember it
explains the longer we think about info the more we remember it

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12
Q

2 disadvantages of the C+L memory model

A

the longer we think about something doesn’t mean the better we will recall it
it is difficult to know what deep processing involves

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13
Q

define the term personality

A

it is the psychological makeup of a performer

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14
Q

name 3 type a characteristics

A

highly motivated
high drive to succeed
works fast

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15
Q

name 3 type b characteristics

A

non competitive
unambitious
works slowly

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16
Q

what is a stable personality trait

A

someone who does not swing from one emotion to another quickly

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17
Q

what is an unstable personality type

A

someone who swings from one emotion to another quickly

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18
Q

name 2 characteristics of an extrovert

A

seeks Social situations
lacks concentration

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19
Q

name 2 characteristics of an introvert

A

someone who does not seek social situations
good at concentrating

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20
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

when our characteristics are learnt throughout and not born with

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21
Q

what is the interactionist approach

A

takes both personality and SLT into account
gives a more realistic explanation of personality

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22
Q

what is meant by attitude

A

it is the recomposition to act in a specific way towards someone or something

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23
Q

3 ways positive attitudes are formed by

A

belief in the sport
enjoyable experiences in sport
being good at sport
being excited by the challenge

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24
Q

3 ways that negative attitudes are formed by

A

not believing in the sport
not having good experiences in the sport
not good at the sport

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25
2 methods of changing attitudes
cognitive dissonance persuasive communication
26
what is cognitive dissonance
when the coach explains how the certain drill will benefit the person as a player
27
factors affecting persuasive communication
the persuader has got to be someone whom the person recpect the message has got to be clear and has to be good quality
28
define motivation
it is the physiological drive to succeed
29
2 types of motivation
internal/external
30
define internal motivation
drive from within - wanting to achieve for its own sake
31
define external motivation
come from outside - trophy or rewards
32
2 types of arousal
cognitive - physiological state of the body semantic - psychological state of the body
33
3 theories of arousal
drive inverted U catastrophe
34
3 key points for the drive theory of arousal
the quality of the performance all depends on how well the skill has been leant motor programmes that have already been leant are the dominant response increase in arousal = increase in performance
35
how can under arousal affect performance
difficult to focus concentration is lost info overload may prevent decision making
36
how does being at optimum arousal affect performance
attentional field is ideal performer can concentrate fully have accurate decision making
37
how does over arousal affect performance
causes attention field to narrow performer could be in a state of panic concentration is seriously impeded
38
possible symptoms of somantic anxiety
increased BP sweating adrenaline boosts muscle tension
39
possible symptoms of cognitive anxiety
indecision confusion negative thoughts
40
a performer will be in the optimal zone of functioning if they are:
relaxed confident completely focussed have fun in control
41
what is aggression
it is the intent to harm another player outside the rules of the game
42
explain the instinct theory of aggression
is that it is a natural response animalistic humans developed it as a survival instinct
43
what is the frustration - aggression hypothesis
the theory that frustration will always lead to aggression any blocking of goals will just increase drive therefore aggression if success follow the aggression leads to carrhesis
44
what is the aggression cue hypothesis
for aggression to occur then a certain stimuli must be present frustration causes anger and arousal which causes a readiness aggression
45
what is social facilitation
it is the positive effect of a crowd on performance
46
what is social inhibition
it is the negative effect of the crowd on the performance
47
3 stratagies to minimise social inhabition
imagery to shut out crowd relaxation techniques train with an audience present
48
3 effects of social facilitation or social inhibition on performance
crowds = type a perform worse with crowds than type b; extroverts perform better than introverts skill level = beginners will be worse than experts due to dominant response is right previous experience = increase experience = better performance than people with no experience nature of the crowd could be hostile
49
3 characteristics of the forming phase of team formation
high dependance for strong leader group member get to know each other individual roles are unclear first training sessions
50
3 characteristics of the storming phase of team formation
team members establish themselves group decisions are difficult focus Is clearer first game
51
3 characteristics of the norming phase of team formation
roles and responsibilities are accepted team members get along well pre season
52
3 characteristics of the performing phase of team formation
focus is on achieving goals more strategies clear visions competition during the season
53
define a group
where 2 or more performers share a common goal and communicate
54
2 factors affecting faulty process are?
co-ordination motivation
55
3 strategies to reduce social loafing
highlight players performance support from others in the team give a goal to the individuals peer pressure from others to play well
56
advantages of goal setting
increases motivation decrease arousal and anxiety if done well can increase the confidence it will increase the effort
57
define SMART
specific measurable achievable realistic time bound
58
weiners model is made up of 4 quadrants what are they?
Ability (internal/stable) effort (internal/unstable) task difficulty (external/stable) Luck(external/unstable)
59
what is learned helplessness?
it is the belief that failure is inevitable some low achievers got unlucky which caused them to be helpless
60
what is mastery orientation?
that an individual will be motivated by becoming a master at what they do.
61
attribution retaining is?
when you come close, next time try harder and you could win
62
define self esteem
the feeling of self worth
63
Vealys model of sports confidence what is the sporting context
it is the situation you are in
64
Vealys model what is SC trait
everyone has an exciting level of sports confidence
65
Vealys model what is competitive orientation
everyone has an exciting level of competitiveness
66
Vealys model what is SC trait
that confidence can be shown in a specific situation
67
Vealys model what is behavioural response
response to the situation given
68
Vealys model what is subjective outcome
emotion felt after the behavioural response
69
define self efficacy
the confidence we have in certain scenarios
70
Banduras model what is performance accomplishments
reminder of previous success
71
Banduras model what is vicarious experience
watching others perform the skill
72
Banduras model what is verbal persuasion
convincing the athlete of their ability to perform the skill
73
Banduras model what is the emotional arousal
evaluation the performer makes of a physiological state
74
characteristics of effective leaders
highly motivated clear goals and visions good communication charisma knowledge of the sport
75
what is an emergent leader
a leader that comes from within - helps to inspire
76
what is a prescribed leader
it is a leader who is given to the team
77
3 leadership types for PE
autocratic laizzez faire democratic
78
what is an autocratic leader when are they used
task orientated leader, makes all the decisions when sport is dangerous if it is a hostile group
79
what is a democratic leader when are they used
person orientated leader- takes into perceptive of the team when group wants to make decisions when situation is not dangerous
80
what is a laizzez fair leader? when are they used
provides little to no support high level athletes leader is incompetent when leader can fully trust the members capabilities
81
3 theories of leadership
trait theory social learning interactionist
82
trait theory of leadership
is that they are born leaders leaders are not born they are made
83
in Chelladuris model explain the situational characteristics
environmental conditions - is the sports dangerous etc?
84
in Chelladuris model explain the leaders characteristics
personality of the leader - could have a preferred leadership type
85
in chelladuris model explain the members characteristics
what are the demographics of the group
86
in chelladurris model explain the required behaviour
what style of leadership is needed for this specific excersise
87
in chelladuris model explain the actual behaviour
what does the leader actually choose to do based of the members characteristics and the situational characteristics
88
in chelladuris model explain the preferred behaviour
what leadership style to do and which ones the best for the group and best for the situation that they are in
89
chelladuris model what happens if they all match up
performance and morale increases
90
3 causes of stress
competition conflict frustration
91
3 cognitive stress management techniques
mental rehearsal positive thinking goal setting mindfulness imagery
92
3 semantic stress management techniques
centering PMR control breathing

PE (7 decks)

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