Paper 2 Flashcards
(288 cards)
1
Q
What is health defined as?
A
A state of complete emotional, physical and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
2
Q
What are the components required for a training programme?
A
- Planning
- Monitoring
- Developing
- Evaluating
3
Q
How can personal health be improved?
A
Through an appropriate training programme.
4
Q
What is the aim of a personal exercise programme (PEP)?
A
To create an appropriate design through correct selection of training methods.
5
Q
Give an example of a training method to improve cardiovascular health.
A
Aerobic training method.
6
Q
What should be done once a PEP is underway?
A
It can be developed by refining activities to continue being appropriate to your aim.
7
Q
Why is monitoring important in a PEP?
A
To make adjustments, such as increasing intensity when the workload becomes easy.
8
Q
What should be evaluated regularly in a PEP?
A
The PEP itself or the aims.
9
Q
What can be a consequence of not modifying a PEP if there is a problem?
A
You will not get the health gains you were expecting.
10
Q
What is one health benefit of regular exercise?
A
Reduced chance of coronary heart disease (CHD).
11
Q
What activities help achieve improvements in physical health?
A
- Weight-bearing activities like running and walking
- Burning excess calories while exercising.
12
Q
What negative effect can overexertion have?
A
It can lead to heart attack or stroke.
13
Q
What is a potential negative effect of overuse injuries?
A
Inability to take part in physical activity for several weeks.
14
Q
True or False: Weight loss is only a health benefit if you are overweight.
A
True.
15
Q
What should you link when explaining how poor physical health affects performance?
A
Your example of poor health to performance in sport or physical activity.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: The impacts of exercise on health and performance are linked to __________.
A
[improved performance]
17
Q
What is one benefit of regular physical activity on emotional health?
A
It can improve emotional health by taking your mind off problems
Regular physical activity can help reduce stress and anxiety.
18
Q
List three benefits of exercise to emotional health.
A
- Taking your mind off of any problems
- Causing an increase in serotonin
- Having fun when you play
19
Q
What chemical found in the body increases with exercise and contributes to feelings of well-being?
A
Serotonin
Serotonin is known for its role in mood regulation.
20
Q
How does exercise help reduce boredom?
A
By having something to do
Engaging in physical activity can provide a productive outlet.
21
Q
What is aesthetic appreciation in the context of exercise?
A
Recognising the beauty or skill of a movement
For example, appreciating a football player’s skill in controlling the ball.
22
Q
What emotional health benefit can result from increased self-confidence due to exercise?
A
Increased self-esteem
Self-esteem can be affected positively by improved physical appearance and performance.
23
Q
How can joining a team increase confidence?
A
By feeling part of something
Team membership fosters a sense of belonging.
24
Q
What are two negative effects of training on emotional health?
A
- Potential for injury
- Feelings of depression if unable to train
25
True or False: An increase in testosterone is a primary cause of the 'feel good factor' from physical activity.
False
## Footnote
The primary cause is an increase in serotonin.
26
Fill in the blank: One of the possible benefits of an active lifestyle is an increase in _______.
self-esteem
27
What is one social benefit of exercise?
Meeting new people and making new friends
## Footnote
Social interaction is a key aspect of emotional well-being.
28
How can joining a club improve social health?
It provides opportunities to meet new people
## Footnote
Clubs foster social connections and teamwork.
29
What is an important aspect of social health?
The ability to make friends easily and work well with others
30
How might the social benefits of an active lifestyle vary between different age groups?
* Elderly: Preventing loneliness
* Children: Developing social skills
31
What does improved co-operation in a team lead to?
Better understanding of teammates and improved teamwork skills
## Footnote
This can enhance team success.
32
What negative effect can training have on social health?
Less time spent with family and friends
## Footnote
Intensive training can lead to isolation.
33
Explain the importance of co-operation.
It allows for teamwork and better understanding among team members
34
Fill in the blank: An obsession with training can lead to _______ in social health.
negative effects
35
How can joining a sports club help someone who has lost contact with friends?
It provides a chance to make new friends and reduces feelings of loneliness
## Footnote
Social clubs can enhance emotional well-being.
36
What is one way to increase enjoyment in physical activity?
Engagement in social benefits of participation
## Footnote
Social interactions enhance the enjoyment of activities.
37
What impacts your health and wellbeing?
Choices about what you eat, whether you smoke or drink alcohol, how much you exercise, what work you do, and how much rest and sleep you make time for.
## Footnote
Lifestyle choices significantly affect overall health and wellbeing.
38
What are the daily calorie intake recommendations for men and women?
* 2500 calories for men
* 2000 calories for women
## Footnote
These guidelines help maintain energy levels for physical activity.
39
What are negative effects of poor dietary choices?
* Anorexia
* Obesity
* Diseases caused by lack of nutrients (e.g., rickets, scurvy, osteoporosis)
## Footnote
Poor dietary choices can lead to serious health issues and decreased physical activity.
40
What is the recommended amount of exercise for 5 to 18-year-olds?
One hour of exercise every day, with four days on cardiovascular work and three on muscle and bone strength.
## Footnote
Regular physical activity is essential for health during growth years.
41
What are the benefits of taking part in physical activity?
* Reduced chance of CHD
* Reduced chance of osteoporosis
## Footnote
Physical activity contributes to long-term health and fitness.
42
What is the importance of work/rest/sleep balance?
Rest is essential for relaxation and fun, and a balance is necessary to avoid tiredness and irritability.
## Footnote
Government guidelines recommend teenagers have 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night.
43
Fill in the blank: A lack of sleep can lead to _______.
tiredness, lack of concentration, irritability
44
What are the negative effects of alcohol on health?
* Heart failure
* Strokes
* Increased blood pressure
* Liver disease/cancer
## Footnote
Alcohol consumption is linked to various health risks.
45
What are the negative effects of smoking (nicotine) on health?
* Heart disease/angina
* Increased weight
* Lung cancer
## Footnote
Smoking has numerous detrimental effects on health.
46
What negative effects does alcohol have on performance?
* Slower reaction times
* Less mobility
* Loss of co-ordination
* Loss of concentration
## Footnote
These effects hinder performance in both aerobic and anaerobic activities.
47
What negative effects does smoking have on performance?
* Breathlessness
* Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
## Footnote
These effects are particularly detrimental to aerobic and endurance-based activities.
48
Identify two possible negative effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system.
* Heart attack
* Strokes
## Footnote
Smoking significantly increases the risk of severe cardiovascular events.
49
Identify two possible negative effects of smoking on the respiratory system.
* Breathlessness
* Increased risk of lung cancer
## Footnote
Smoking severely impacts respiratory health.
50
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
A lifestyle where there is very limited or no physical activity.
## Footnote
A sedentary lifestyle often involves spending large amounts of time sitting.
51
What are common activities contributing to a sedentary lifestyle?
Activities include:
* Sitting at school and work
* Watching TV
* Playing computer games
* Using cars or public transport instead of walking or cycling
## Footnote
These activities have increased due to advances in technology.
52
What is the average time British people spend sitting each day?
Nearly 9 hours a day.
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the prevalence of sedentary behavior in modern lifestyles.
53
List some health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle.
* Heart disease
* Type 2 diabetes
* Obesity/excessive weight gain
* Osteoporosis
* Loss of muscle tone and poor posture
* Poor fitness
* Depression
## Footnote
These risks arise due to inactivity and prolonged periods of sitting.
54
What does the term 'overweight' mean?
Weighing more than the expected weight for your height and sex.
## Footnote
Overweight does not necessarily mean having excessive body fat.
55
What is the definition of 'overfat'?
Having more body fat than you should have.
## Footnote
Being overfat can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
56
What does the term 'obese' refer to?
Being very overfat, where body fat has increased to a level that is seriously unhealthy.
## Footnote
Obesity can lead to significant health issues including heart disease and depression.
57
Identify two health problems associated with obesity.
* Mobility issues
* Heart disease
## Footnote
These problems can significantly impact quality of life and physical activity.
58
True or False: You can be overfat but not overweight.
True.
## Footnote
Overfat refers specifically to excessive body fat, while overweight may include muscle mass.
59
Fill in the blank: The campaign 'Get Britain _______' aims to raise awareness about the need to avoid prolonged sitting.
Standing
## Footnote
This campaign emphasizes the importance of movement in daily life.
60
What impact does being overfat have on physical activity?
It can prevent sustained involvement in physical activity due to health issues such as heart disease.
## Footnote
Being overfat may lead to fatigue and immobility, making physical activity challenging.
61
What was observed in the obesity levels of 11-15-year-olds over a 20-year period?
They have the highest obesity levels overall with a continuing upward trend.
## Footnote
This age group showed a concerning increase in obesity rates.
62
What is the significance of analyzing the percentage of overweight children by age group?
It helps determine patterns in obesity levels over time.
## Footnote
Analyzing such data can inform public health strategies.
63
What is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet means eating a variety of foods from all the different groups of food in the correct proportions.
64
What does the Eatwell Guide illustrate?
The Eatwell Guide shows how we need to make up our diet from different types of food to get the correct balance.
65
What are the potential health issues caused by insufficient nutrients?
* Anaemia
* Rickets
* Scurvy
66
What is the golden rule regarding diet?
Diet is what we eat on a day-to-day basis and should not be confused with being on a diet.
67
How many portions of fruit and vegetables does the Eatwell Guide recommend we eat daily?
5 a day
68
List the seven areas that we require for a balanced diet.
* Carbohydrates
* Vitamins
* Protein
* Minerals
* Fibre
* Water
* Fats
69
What is energy balance?
Energy balance is making sure the quantity we take in relates to how much exercise we do.
70
What happens if we eat too much in relation to our activity level?
We will become overweight.
71
What happens if we eat too little in relation to our activity level?
We will become underweight.
72
Define 'macronutrients'.
Macronutrients are the nutrients that we need to have in our diet in large quantities for energy, growth, and repair.
73
What are the three main types of macronutrients?
* Carbohydrates
* Fats
* Proteins
74
Which macronutrient should be eaten in greater quantities: fats or carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates
75
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Provide us with energy for use in aerobic and anaerobic activity.
76
What are the sources of fats?
* Butter
* Oil
* Fatty meats
* Fried food
77
Why should fats be consumed in moderation?
Fats should form the smallest percentage of macronutrients in diet and can lead to weight gain.
78
What are the sources of proteins?
* Cheese
* Milk
* Eggs
* Lean meat
* Fish
79
What is the main function of proteins?
Used for growth and repair of the muscles.
80
Fill in the blank: Macronutrients and ________ are easily confused.
micronutrients
81
True or False: Macronutrients can produce energy, but this is not their main function.
False
82
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients needed in small quantities for good health
## Footnote
Micronutrients include minerals and vitamins.
83
Why do performers in physical activities need more micronutrients?
To maintain good health and support physical performance
## Footnote
All individuals need micronutrients, but those involved in physical activity require them in greater amounts.
84
What is the role of Vitamin D?
Helps the body absorb calcium
## Footnote
Found in dairy foods such as milk, cheese, and eggs.
85
What is calcium's function?
Helps keep bones strong
## Footnote
Found in foods like milk and other dairy products.
86
List two sources of vitamins.
* Fresh fruit
* Vegetables
## Footnote
Vitamins are essential for immune system support and general health.
87
List two sources of minerals.
* Meat
* Vegetables
## Footnote
Each mineral has specific health benefits.
88
True or False: Water and fibre are considered nutrients.
False
## Footnote
They are essential components of a balanced diet but not classified as nutrients.
89
What is the primary function of water in the diet?
Prevents dehydration
## Footnote
Water is found in most liquids and many foods.
90
What is the role of fibre?
Aids the digestive system
## Footnote
Found in foods such as cereals, vegetables, and nuts.
91
What is optimum weight?
The ideal weight an individual should be
## Footnote
It varies based on height, bone structure, sex, and muscle girth.
92
What factors affect optimum weight?
* Height
* Bone structure
* Sex
* Muscle girth
## Footnote
These factors influence weight and performance in physical activities.
93
How does height affect weight?
Taller individuals generally weigh more
## Footnote
This is due to greater bone structure and potential muscle mass.
94
Why might some elite performers be considered overweight?
Due to high muscle mass
## Footnote
Examples include sprinters and rugby props.
95
What is muscle girth?
The size or circumference of the muscle
## Footnote
Bigger muscles generally contribute to higher weight and advantages in strength-related activities.
96
Fill in the blank: Suggested optimum weight should only be used as a _______.
[guideline]
## Footnote
This is because it varies due to several physiological factors.
97
State one advantage of having a larger bone structure.
Greater bone density
## Footnote
Important in contact sports like rugby.
98
How does sex affect weight differences?
Males tend to have more muscle mass and weigh more
## Footnote
This provides advantages in strength or power activities.
99
What is dietary manipulation?
Planning exactly what and when to eat to optimise performance.
100
Why is the timing of protein intake important for power athletes?
To maximise repair of muscle tissue and increase protein synthesis.
101
Which types of athletes typically focus on protein timing?
* Sprinters
* Hammer throwers
* Power lifters
102
What is the goal of carbohydrate loading?
To increase glycogen stores in muscles for energy during performance.
103
Which athletes commonly use carbohydrate loading?
* Cross-country skiers
* Marathon runners
* Triathletes
104
What are the key steps in carbohydrate loading 1 to 4 days before an event?
* Reduce amount of exercise
* Eat a high carbohydrate diet
* Reduce fibre intake
105
What are some symptoms of dehydration during physical activity?
* Dizziness
* Nausea
* Fatigue
* Muscle cramp
* Heat stroke
* Thickening of blood
* Increased heart rate
106
When should performers drink to maintain hydration levels?
* Two hours before performance
* Just before performance
* Whenever possible during performance
107
What is a continuum in the context of skill classification?
A line that goes between two extremes.
108
What are the three continua for classifying skills?
* Open - Closed
* Basic - Complex
* Low Organisation - High Organisation
109
What are open skills?
Skills affected by the surrounding environment that need constant adaptation.
110
Give examples of open skills.
* A pass in hockey
* Dribbling in football
* A rugby tackle
111
What are closed skills?
Skills that are not affected by the surrounding environment and do not need adaptation.
112
Give examples of closed skills.
* A penalty kick in football
* A gymnastics vault
* A tennis serve
113
In terms of skill classification, how would you categorize a midfielder dribbling the ball?
Open skill
114
In terms of skill classification, how would you categorize a goalkeeper saving a penalty?
Closed skill
115
What is the definition of an open skill?
A skill that is affected by the surrounding environment.
116
What are basic (simple) skills?
Basic (simple) skills are those that:
* are simple
* require little thought
* do not need much information to be processed
* require little decision making.
117
What are complex skills?
Complex skills are those that:
* are difficult
* require thought and concentration
* require a lot of information to be processed
* require a lot of decision making.
118
Give examples of basic (simple) skills.
* running
* cycling
* swimming
* chest pass.
119
Give examples of complex skills.
* trying to dribble past defenders
* rock climbing
* passing the baton in a relay race
* a lay up in basketball.
120
What are low organisation skills?
Low organisation skills are those that:
* are easy to do
* have clear separate phases.
121
Provide examples of low organisation skills.
* a tennis serve
* the triple jump in athletics.
122
What are high organisation skills?
High organisation skills are those that:
* are harder to do
* have phases that are not clearly broken down.
123
Provide examples of high organisation skills.
* tumbling in gymnastics
* a golf swing.
124
Classify the following football skills: (a) Overhead kick, (b) Free kick.
Free kick - basic
Overhead kick - complex
125
Why is a tumbling routine in gymnastics considered a high organisation skill?
It is harder to do and has phases that are not clearly broken down.
126
What is massed practice?
Massed practice is when there are little or no breaks in a session, repeating the same skill over and over again.
127
When is massed practice used?
Massed practice is used:
* when the performer is experienced, skilled, or motivated
* older
* very fit
* when the skill is simple, closed, low organisation, and not dangerous.
128
What are the drawbacks of massed practice?
It can be boring, tiring, leading to errors and potentially accidents.
129
What is distributed practice?
Distributed practice is when there are breaks in the session, providing rest periods or changes of activity.
130
When is distributed practice used?
Distributed practice is used:
* when the performer is a beginner, young, or not very fit
* when the skill is complex, open, high organisation, and dangerous.
131
What are the benefits of distributed practice?
It prevents boredom and keeps motivation high.
132
Identify the group most likely to use massed practice:
A) An adult group learning to abseil down a climbing wall
B) A group of Year 12 children learning back somersaults on a trampoline
C) The school rugby first team doing passing drills
D) A 50+ return-to-hockey group.
C) The school rugby first team doing passing drills.
133
What type of practice would you recommend for a group of 5-year-olds learning to play football?
Distributed practice with breaks to maintain engagement.
134
What is the main purpose of practice in skill development?
Practice is needed to get better at a skill and must be structured for effectiveness.
135
What is fixed practice?
Fixed practice is when the performer practices in a situation as similar to the performance situation as possible.
136
List the characteristics of fixed practice.
* The situation does not change
* The routine is repeated and grooved into smaller parts
* The equipment stays the same
137
Which type of practice is typically used for closed skills?
Fixed practice
138
What is variable practice?
Variable practice is when the same skill is repeated in different situations.
139
Why is variable practice important?
It prepares the performer for different situations that may arise during performance.
140
List the conditions under which variable practice is used.
* When a sport is mainly made up of open skills
* When the situation is often changing
141
What is a worked example of a skill suitable for fixed practice?
A handstand on the beam in gymnastics
142
What is the value of goal setting in sports?
It helps improve and/or optimize performance in sport and physical activity.
143
What does SMART stand for in goal setting?
* Specific
* Measurable
* Achievable
* Realistic
* Time bound
144
What does the 'S' in SMART represent?
Specific - it is important to make sure that your target is clear.
145
Why is it important for goals to be measurable?
It allows you to determine if your goal has been met successfully.
146
Provide an example of a measurable goal.
To run 10 k 3 seconds faster than my previous best.
147
True or False: A vague goal like 'to improve in netball' is specific enough for effective practice.
False
148
What is the golden rule regarding specificity in goal setting?
Your goal must be clear and specific.
149
What does the 'A' in SMART targets stand for?
Achievable
## Footnote
Achievable targets are those that performers have the ability to reach with training.
150
What does the 'R' in SMART targets stand for?
Realistic
## Footnote
A realistic goal is one that considers all factors involved in achieving it.
151
What does the 'T' in SMART targets stand for?
Time bound
## Footnote
Goals must have a defined time frame for completion.
152
What is an example of an achievable target?
Throwing the javelin 35 m by the end of the season
## Footnote
This is based on current performance and additional training.
153
What is an example of a time-bound goal?
Run 200 m in 45 seconds by 4 July this year
## Footnote
This goal has a specific deadline.
154
What is one consequence of setting unachievable goals?
Performer would get demotivated and stop training
## Footnote
This can lead to a drop in performance.
155
What is one advantage of setting goals that are time bound?
Performer has a clear date to achieve the goal
## Footnote
This maintains motivation to complete it before the deadline.
156
What is visual guidance?
When the performer is shown the skill through videos, pictures, or demonstrations
## Footnote
Visual guidance is beneficial for beginners to create a mental image of the skill.
157
What are the advantages of visual guidance?
* Good for beginners
* Can be used when verbal guidance is not possible
* Helps create a mental image
## Footnote
Clear demonstrations are crucial for effective visual guidance.
158
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
* Time-consuming if using video
* Poor demonstrations can lead to incorrect learning
* Complex movements may be difficult to see clearly
## Footnote
These factors can hinder the effectiveness of visual guidance.
159
What is verbal guidance?
When the performer is given information about how to complete the correct technique
## Footnote
This type of guidance is often used for more experienced performers.
160
What are the advantages of verbal guidance?
* Instructions can be given quickly
* Can be used during performance
* No equipment required
## Footnote
Effective communication is key for verbal guidance.
161
What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?
* Can be confusing if too much information is given
* Relies on the coach's communication skills
## Footnote
Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings.
162
What is the golden rule regarding guidance?
A combination of types of guidance can be used
## Footnote
For example, both visual and verbal guidance can enhance understanding.
163
Fill in the blank: The S of SMART stands for _______.
Specific
## Footnote
Specific goals clarify what needs to be achieved.
164
What is an example of a goal that is both achievable and time bound?
Aiming to average 2 goals per match by 30 December
## Footnote
This goal is set based on current performance with a specific deadline.
165
What is manual guidance in sport psychology?
Manual guidance is where the coach physically supports or moves the performer to help them get into the correct position.
## Footnote
Examples include a tennis coach holding a performer's racket arm and moving it through the correct range of motion for a forehand drive.
166
List advantages of manual guidance.
* The performer can get a feel for the movement
* Builds confidence
* Helps break down a movement into phases
167
List disadvantages of manual guidance.
* Feeling is not the same as actually doing it unaided
* Performer can become dependent on the support
* Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned
* Can only be used 1:1
168
What is mechanical guidance in sport psychology?
Mechanical guidance is where the coach uses equipment to support the performer to help them with the technique.
## Footnote
Examples include using a harness when learning somersaults in trampolining.
169
List advantages of mechanical guidance.
* The performer can get a feel for the movement
* Builds confidence
* Reduces danger
170
List disadvantages of mechanical guidance.
* Feeling is not the same as actually doing it unaided
* Performer can become dependent on the support
* Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned
* Cannot normally be used with large groups
171
True or False: Manual guidance can be used with large groups.
False
172
Fill in the blank: Intrinsic feedback is from _______.
[within the performer]
173
What is the purpose of feedback in sport psychology?
* Provide information about the skill being performed
* Help improve skill
* Reinforce good practice
174
What are the characteristics of effective feedback?
* Not too long
* Given as soon as possible
* Relevant to the performer
175
What is extrinsic feedback?
Extrinsic feedback is feedback from outside the performer, such as feedback from a coach telling what was done right or wrong.
176
Who is more likely to need extrinsic feedback?
Less experienced performers
177
What is concurrent feedback?
Concurrent feedback is given during a performance and can be either intrinsic or extrinsic.
178
Give an example of intrinsic feedback.
An experienced swimmer feeling if the turns are not going correctly.
179
Give an example of extrinsic feedback.
A coach giving a performer points to focus on while performing, such as 'point your toes'.
180
What is terminal feedback?
Terminal feedback is given after the performance and needs to be provided as soon as possible after the completion of the skill.
181
Why might beginners not rely on intrinsic feedback?
Beginners will not have a clear idea of the skill they are trying to perform, making it difficult to feel if they are doing the movement right or wrong.
182
What is mental rehearsal?
A technique used by elite performers to mentally practice a skill or movement before physically doing it.
183
How does mental rehearsal help performers before an event?
It clarifies the skill they are about to perform, boosting confidence and mental readiness.
184
In which situations can mental rehearsal be utilized?
Before a performance, during a break, or even during a performance.
185
What are the benefits of mental rehearsal?
* Develop an existing skill
* Help focus the mind on the task
* Reduce anxiety
* Build confidence
186
True or False: The outcome of mental rehearsal is always successful.
True
187
Fill in the blank: Mental rehearsal can be part of a _______.
[warm up]
188
What might a performer visualize during mental rehearsal?
Completing the course successfully, including each twist and turn.
189
What socio-economic factors influence participation rates in sports?
* Cost of activities
* Availability of activities
* Time commitments
190
Define 'participation rates'.
The number of people taking part in physical activity.
191
What does data refer to in the context of sports participation?
Facts and statistics gathered to provide information.
192
What are socio-economic groups based on?
Job or profession, ordered from highest to lowest responsibility.
193
What trend was observed in participation rates for the highest socio-economic group between Oct 2005 and Apr 2013?
An increase in participation rates.
194
Fill in the blank: The UK government encourages all groups to do at least a minimum amount of _______.
[exercise]
195
How can high-responsibility jobs affect participation in sports?
They typically provide more income, allowing greater access to activities.
196
What is a barrier to participation in sports for some individuals?
High costs associated with certain sports, such as golf.
197
What is the impact of time commitments on sports participation?
Some activities take a long time, making it difficult for people with work and family obligations.
198
Explain one technique Albert could use to regain confidence before his vault.
Mental rehearsal to visualize performing the vault successfully.
199
What are the personal factors that impact participation rates in sport and physical activity?
Socio-economic group, gender, age, ethnicity, disability.
## Footnote
These factors can influence access and motivation to participate in sports.
200
What is a reason for gender differences in participation in sports?
Image - some men and women associate certain sports with their gender.
## Footnote
For example, men may avoid activities like dance or netball, while women may avoid rugby or boxing.
201
Fill in the blank: Women generally earn less than _______.
men
202
What is a common barrier preventing women from participating in sports?
Time constraints due to home and childcare responsibilities.
## Footnote
This can limit their availability for sports.
203
How are people categorized in terms of age for sports participation?
Based on their age groups.
## Footnote
Different age groups may have varying participation rates.
204
What is one reason older adults may participate less in sports?
Access - local clubs may have restrictions that limit participation.
## Footnote
For example, limited availability of activities for older individuals.
205
According to Sport England's Active People Survey, what percentage of 16-25 year olds played sport once a week during 2012-2013?
54.7%
206
What is one reason adults aged 26 and older have lower participation rates in sports?
Less time due to work and family commitments.
207
What factors can influence sports participation rates among different ethnic groups?
Cultural influences, stereotyping, and socio-economic status.
## Footnote
For instance, some cultures may encourage participation in specific sports.
208
Fill in the blank: A person's disability may influence their _______.
choice of activity
209
What is one barrier that individuals with disabilities may face in sports participation?
Availability of adapted facilities or clubs.
210
What is a potential financial barrier for individuals with disabilities participating in sports?
Specialist equipment can be expensive.
211
What is stereotyping in the context of sports participation?
Assuming someone cannot participate due to their disability.
## Footnote
This can be either self-imposed or societal.
212
What percentage of Pakistani men participated in cricket according to the Sports Participation and Ethnicity in England National Survey 1999/2000?
10%
213
True or False: Cultural influences can lead to higher participation rates in specific sports among certain ethnic groups.
True
214
What are some reasons for differences in participation rates among age groups?
* Access
* Cost
* Time
* Nature of activity
215
Describe a potential barrier Paul, a wheelchair user, might face when starting wheelchair basketball.
Limited access to appropriate facilities or equipment.
216
What is the relationship between commercialisation, the media, and physical activity and sport known as?
'The golden triangle'
## Footnote
This term highlights the interdependence and benefits that each sector provides to the others.
217
What is the primary goal of commercial organisations?
To make a profit from the sale of goods, services, or events
## Footnote
Commercial organisations utilize sport and media to enhance visibility and sales.
218
What are the three forms of sponsorship mentioned?
* An individual (e.g., golfer Rory McIlroy)
* A team (e.g., Manchester United FC)
* An event (e.g., Visa and the 2012 Olympics)
## Footnote
These forms illustrate the various ways sponsorship can manifest in sports.
219
How do media providers generate funding?
By attracting viewers through entertainment
## Footnote
The more viewers a media provider has, the more likely they are to secure funding from commercial organisations.
220
What do players and sports need funding for?
* Facilities
* Equipment
* Competitions
## Footnote
This funding is essential for the development and sustainability of sports.
221
Why do media providers compete for exclusive rights to televise events?
To attract commercial sponsorship and advertising revenue
## Footnote
Exclusive coverage of popular events increases viewer numbers, which in turn attracts sponsors.
222
List two advantages of commercialisation for sponsors.
* Excellent and inexpensive advertising
* Increased sales due to brand awareness
## Footnote
These advantages stem from the visibility and association with popular events or athletes.
223
List two advantages of commercialisation for the sport.
* More media coverage
* Increased funding from sponsors
## Footnote
These factors help promote the sport and enhance its profile.
224
What advantage does commercialisation provide for players/performers?
Ability to train full-time without the need for additional jobs
## Footnote
This allows athletes to focus entirely on their sport and improve performance.
225
What are two advantages of commercialisation for spectators?
* More coverage of events
* Access to top-quality products used by role models
## Footnote
Spectators benefit from enhanced viewing experiences and the ability to emulate their favorite athletes.
226
Fill in the blank: The media provides entertainment via _______.
[TV, radio, and the internet]
## Footnote
These platforms allow for live broadcasting and post-event coverage.
227
True or False: Commercialisation has no impact on the funding of sports events.
False
## Footnote
Commercialisation plays a crucial role in providing the necessary funding for sports.
228
Identify one reason why a top performer like Lewis Hamilton would seek sponsorship deals.
To receive a large income from sponsors
## Footnote
This financial support is often exchanged for endorsing products.
229
What is one way commercialisation benefits the spectator experience?
Increased media hype about events
## Footnote
This hype often leads to more engaging and entertaining viewing experiences.
230
What are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the sponsor?
* The media may not get a high number of viewers.
* The company doesn't get the amount of exposure they wanted.
* Negative reporting can give the sport a bad reputation.
231
What are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the sport?
* Clothing and rules changed to make the game more appealing to viewers.
* Fixture times and length of season changed to maximise viewing opportunities.
* Breaks in play for advertising purposes.
* Minority sports not shown by media, leading to decreased participation.
232
What are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the player/performer?
* Event times may make conditions less favourable for performers.
* Withdrawal of sponsorship can cause financial difficulties.
* Required appearances take time away from training.
* Pressure to win at all costs to keep sponsorship.
* No privacy.
233
What are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the spectator?
* High subscription cost for TV sports channels.
* Pay per view - need to pay again for certain matches/events.
* High cost of merchandise.
* Sponsors keep best tickets for hospitality reasons.
* Minority sports not shown.
234
Fill in the blank: Sportsmanship is the type of behaviour that you should see in _______.
[sport]
235
Fill in the blank: Gamesmanship is the type of behaviour that you should not see from performers in _______.
[sport]
236
What creates good role models in sports?
Sportsmanship
237
What is a negative effect of gamesmanship on sporting image?
Creates a negative image of the sport or activity
238
True or False: Sportsmanship involves bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage.
False
239
True or False: Sledging is an example of sportsmanship.
False
240
Identify one reason why sportsmanship is considered better than gamesmanship.
Players are not trying to win by gaining an unfair advantage, therefore they create a more positive image of their sport.
241
What is the definition of gamesmanship?
Bending (but not breaking) the rules to gain an unfair advantage.
242
What sporting behaviour is shown when players shake hands before a match?
Sportsmanship
243
Fill in the blank: A player becomes a bad role model due to _______.
[cheating, violence, infidelity, racism]
244
What is deviance in sport?
Deviance is unacceptable behaviour and is against the rules of sport.
245
Give examples of deviance in sport.
* Cheating
* Taking performance enhancing drugs
* Violence (e.g., biting)
* Match fixing
* Racism
* Sexism
246
Why do some elite performers resort to deviance?
* For prizes
* For fame
* For money
* For sponsorship
* To get promotion to a higher team
* Due to pressure from coach/peers
247
What are the consequences of deviance in sport?
* Red card/being sent off
* Banned from playing
* Loss of sponsors
* Loss of reputation/bad role model
* Imprisonment (e.g., match fixing, illegal drugs)
248
Fill in the blank: Deviance is cheating and is _______ behaviour.
[unacceptable]
249
What is one method sporting organizations use to prevent deviance?
* Random drugs testing
* Fair play awards
* UEFA Respect Fair Play rankings
* FA Respect and Fair Play Awards
* Anti-drug campaigns (e.g., 100% me)
* Anti-racism campaigns (e.g., No to Racism, Show Racism the Red Card, Kick It Out)
250
True or False: Deviant performers hope to get caught.
False
251
Explain one consequence an elite performer could face if found guilty of match fixing.
They could get sent to prison for deliberately affecting the result as they (or others) could make money gambling on the outcome of the event.
252
State, using an example, why an elite performer might resort to cheating despite the consequences if caught.
An elite performer might cheat to win a gold medal, which can lead to fame and sponsorship opportunities.
253
What are the immediate effects of exercise?
Sweat, Accelerated pulse, Deeper breathing
## Footnote
These physiological responses prepare the body for physical activity.
254
What causes hooliganism?
HARD: Hype, Alcohol, Rivalry, Display of masculinity
## Footnote
These factors contribute to aggressive behavior in sports contexts.
255
What does commercialisation include?
PEAS: Professionals, Entertainment industry, Athletes as commodities, Sponsorship
## Footnote
This outlines how sports are marketed and monetized.
256
What are the types of sponsorship?
TEAM: Transport paid for, Equipment and clothing, Athlete becomes famous, Monetary contribution
## Footnote
These elements highlight the various aspects of sponsorship in sports.
257
Why is it important to warm up?
TRIPP: Temperature increases, Reaction time decreases, Injury chances reduce, Pulse increases, Psychological preparation
## Footnote
Warming up helps prepare the body and mind for exercise.
258
What are the reasons to cool down?
LARD: Lactic Acid is removed, Recover, DOMS chances reduce
## Footnote
Cooling down is crucial for recovery and reducing muscle soreness.
259
What are the positives of a home crowd?
HAPI: Home field advantage, Atmosphere creation, Puts pressure on other team, Influence the referee
## Footnote
A supportive home crowd can significantly impact game outcomes and refereeing.
260
What is the focus of pre-season/preparation training?
General/aerobic fitness and specific fitness needs
## Footnote
Pre-season training aims to build a foundation for the upcoming competitive season.
261
What are the goals during the competition/peak/playing season?
Maintain fitness levels and work on specific skills
## Footnote
This phase emphasizes performance and skill refinement.
262
What is the purpose of post-season/transition training?
Rest and light aerobic training to maintain a level of general fitness
## Footnote
This phase allows for recovery while keeping some fitness level.
263
What are three characteristics of an introvert?
* shy/quiet
* thoughtful
* enjoy being on their own
## Footnote
Introverts often prefer solitary activities and require less social stimulation.
264
What type of sports do introverts tend to play?
Individual sports
## Footnote
Introverts prefer individual sports where concentration and precision are required.
265
When do introverts prefer to engage in sports?
When concentration/precision is required and low arousal is required.
## Footnote
Introverts thrive in environments that do not overstimulate them.
266
What are three characteristics of an extrovert?
* enjoy interaction with others/sociable
* enthusiastic/talkative
* prone to boredom when isolated
## Footnote
Extroverts seek social engagement and thrive in stimulating environments.
267
What type of sports do extroverts tend to play?
Team sports
## Footnote
Extroverts enjoy team sports that involve social interaction and excitement.
268
When do extroverts prefer to engage in sports?
* when there is a fast pace
* when concentration may need to be low
* when gross skills are used.
## Footnote
Extroverts are motivated by excitement and social dynamics in sports.
269
Fill in the blank: Introvert = _______ sports.
Individual
## Footnote
This highlights the preference of introverts for solo activities.
270
Fill in the blank: Extrovert = _______ sports.
Team
## Footnote
This indicates extroverts' inclination towards group activities.
271
What is one advantage of using technology in sports?
Decisions are fairer
## Footnote
Technology can help eliminate biases in officiating.
272
What is a benefit of technology for officials in sports?
Easier for officials
## Footnote
Technology can assist officials in making more informed decisions.
273
How does technology affect audience engagement in sports?
Keeps audience involved/excited
## Footnote
Audiences can experience real-time action replays and decisions.
274
What financial benefit can technology provide in sports?
Can generate money
## Footnote
Technology can attract sponsors and enhance advertising opportunities.
275
How does technology help performers in sports?
Performance level improves
## Footnote
Technology allows for better training and analysis of performance.
276
What is a disadvantage of technology in sports for officials?
Officials can still get it wrong
## Footnote
Despite the use of technology, human error can still occur.
277
What disadvantage could technology create for performers?
May not be able to afford the technology
## Footnote
Access to advanced technology can be limited by financial resources.
278
What is a potential issue regarding the fairness of technology in sports?
Must ensure the technology is fair and not corrupt
## Footnote
There must be regulations to prevent misuse of technology.
279
Fill in the blank: _______ can help to increase muscle mass.
Anabolic agents
## Footnote
Anabolic steroids are a common example of anabolic agents.
280
Fill in the blank: _______ are addictive stimulants that can cause high blood pressure.
Stimulants
## Footnote
Stimulants improve alertness and focus but have serious health risks.
281
What are the risks associated with narcotic analgesics?
Constipation, low blood pressure, stroke
## Footnote
While they mask pain, they have significant side effects.
282
What is a disadvantage of peptide hormones like EPO?
Can cause blood to thicken
## Footnote
This thickening can lead to heart attacks or strokes.
283
What do diuretics help performers to do?
Lose weight
## Footnote
Diuretics can lead to dehydration and other health issues.
284
True or False: Technology can lead to boring waiting times during sports events.
True
## Footnote
The reliance on technology can disrupt the flow of the game.
285
How can sponsors benefit from technology in sports?
Can show their products to generate money
## Footnote
Sponsorship visibility can increase with technological advancements in sports.
286
Fill in the blank: Opponents can easily _______ the technology used by performers.
study
## Footnote
This can lead to strategic advantages or disadvantages in competition.
287
What is a concern regarding sponsorship prices in relation to technology?
Sponsorship prices go up
## Footnote
Increased technology costs can lead to higher sponsorship fees.
288
What can happen if sponsors are linked with scandals?
Failing equipment
## Footnote
Scandals can damage the reputation of both sponsors and sports organizations.
