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PHYSICS > PAPER 2 > Flashcards

PAPER 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the third law of motion?

A

If object A exerts a force on object B then object B exerts the exact opposite force on object A

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2
Q

Name the vector quantities

A

force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum

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3
Q

What are scalar quantities?

A

physical quantities with no direction and only size

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4
Q

Name some scalar quantities

A

mass, temperature, time, length

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5
Q

Force=

A

mass x area

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6
Q

What is the principle of moments?

A

Total Anticlockwise Moments = Total Clockwise Moments

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7
Q

If the total anticlockwise moments do not equal the total clockwise moments, there will be….

A

a resultant moment

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8
Q

What happens when a charge drops through a voltage?

A

it transfers energy

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9
Q

The bigger the change in voltage…

A

the more energy is transferred for a given amount of charge passing through the circuit

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10
Q

What is voltage?

A

the energy transferred per unit charge passed

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11
Q

One volt is…

A

one joule per coulomb

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12
Q

Where is energy supplied to the charge?

A

at the power source

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13
Q

What is the build up of static caused by?

A

friction

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14
Q

What happens when two insulating materials are rubbed together?

A

Electrons will be scraped off one and dumped on the other, leaving a positive electrostatic charge on one and a negative electrostatic charge on the other

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15
Q

What does the direction of electrons transferred depend on?

A

the two materials involved

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16
Q

Give an examples of the build up of static electricity

A

polythene and acetate rods being rubbed with a cloth duster

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17
Q

What is the rate of flow of charge called?

A

the current

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18
Q

How can a charged conductor be safely discharged?

A

By connecting it to earth with a metal strap. The electrons flow down the strap to the ground if the charge is negative, and flow up the strap from the ground if the charge is positive.

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19
Q

What produces both +ve and -ve electrostatic charges?

A

the movement of electrons

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20
Q

The greater the charge on an isolated object..

A

The greater the voltage between it and the earth

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21
Q

What happens when the voltage gets big enough?

A

theres a spark which jumps across the gap

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22
Q

Opposite charges…

A

attract

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23
Q

What two experiments can demonstrate electrostatic charge?

A

gold-leaf electroscope

suspending a charged rod

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24
Q

What type of generator can be used to make your hair stand on end?

A

A Van de Graaff generator

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25
What is a Van de Graaf generator made up of?
a rubber belt moving round plastic rollers underneath a metal dome
26
Name 2 ways static electricity can be useful
inkjet printer | photocopier
27
How does lightening form?
when raindrops and ice bump together inside storm clouds, they knock off electrons and leave the top of the cloud positively charged, and the bottom of the cloud negative. This creates a huge voltage and a big spark.
28
Why can fuel filling be dangerous?
Because as fuel flows out of a filler pipe, static builds up - which can lead to a spark.
29
What is a solution to the danger of fuel filling?
Making the nozzles out of metal, so that the charge is conducted away Having earthing straps between the fuel tank and fuel pipe
30
What does it mean when waves are diffracted?
they 'bend round' edges and through gaps, causing the waves to spread out.
31
The longer the wave length of the wave...
the more they diffract and bend around
32
What needs to be done to communicate any kind of information over a long distance?
It needs to be converted to electrical signals
33
How do electrical signals get sent?
either by telephone wires or carried on EM waves
34
What are the two kinds of signals?
Analogue and digital
35
What values an analogue signal take?
any value within a certain range | analogue = any
36
What values can a digital signal take?
only two
37
What needs to be done to signals as they travel?
need to be amplified as they get weaker as they travel
38
What do signals pick up along their travel?
interference or noise from electrical disturbances or other signals
39
What happens when you amplify an analogue signal?
the noise is amplified too, so loses quality
40
What happens when you amplify a digital signal?
the noise is ignored, so signal remains high quality
41
What happens when two or more waves of a similar frequency meet? And what is this called?
They create one combined signal with a new amplitude, this is called interference
42
What is quantisation?
the process of 'rounding' multiple values to a smaller set
43
What piece of equipment is used to display a microphone signal as a trace on a screen?
An oscilloscope
44
Can sound waves be diffracted?
yes
45
What is a microphone an example of?
A sound wave receiver
46
How do you use an oscilloscope?
By plugging a microphone into it
47
What does the appearance of the wave on the oscilloscope tell you?
whether the sound is loud or quiet and high or low pitched, and by taking measurements, can calculate frequency
48
The greater the amplitude of a wave or vibration...
the more energy it carries (in sound this means it will be louder)
49
Name the advantages of burning fossil fuels
It releases a lot of energy, relatively cheaply Doesn't rely on the weather We have a lot of fossil fuel power stations already, so we don't need to sped money on new technology
50
Name the disadvantages of burning fossil fuels
They release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere - contributing to global warming and climate change They release sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain They will eventually run out
51
What are the disadvantages of nuclear reactors?
They are expensive to build and maintain and take longer to start up Proccessing the uranium before you use it causes pollution Risk of leaks and major catastrophe Radioactive waste It's expensive for them to be decommissioned
52
What is an advantage to nuclear reactors?
They don't produce any greenhouse gasses | There is plenty of uranium left
53
What are the advantages of wind farms?
They are quite cheap to run | They are renewable
54
What are the disadvantages of wind farms?
They spoil the view, and need many Wind may not be strong enough Can be noisy Expensive to set up
55
What are the advantages of geothermal energy?
They are renewable
56
What are the disadvantages of geothermal energy?
Cost of drilling down several km
57
What can solar cells be used for?
calculators and watches | homes
58
What is a disadvantage to using wave power?
It can spoil the view and be a danger to boats Can be unreliable due to wind Initial costs are high
59
What are the disadvantages to tidal barrages?
They prevent free access by boats Spoil the view Alter habitat of wildlife Height of tides are variable
60
What are the disadvantages to hydroelectricity?
Possible loss of habitat Rotting vegetation realeasing CO2 Valleys can look unsightly when they dry up
61
What are the advantages to hydroelectricity?
renewable no pollution immediate response to increase demand no fuel and low running costs
62
3 states of matter
solids liquids gases
63
What characteristics do solids have?
Strong forces of attraction Uniform arrangement Not much energy Vibrate
64
What characteristics do liquids have?
``` Weaker forces of attraction Close together but can move past each other Form irregular arrangements More energy Move in random directions at low speeds ```
65
What characteristics do gases have?
Almost no forces of attraction More energy Free to move Travel random directions at high speeds
66
What is evaporation?
When particles escape from a liquid and become gas particles
67
Can particles evaporate from a liquid at temperatures that are much lower than the liquids boiling point?
yes
68
What kind of particles are most likely to evaporate?
The ones with the most kinetic energy (fastest)
69
When can particles near the surface of a liquid escape?
If - the particles are travelling in the right direction - the particles are travelling fast enough
70
pressure/temperature (in K) =
constant
71
What do magnets affect?
magnetic materials and other magnets
72
The closer the magnet and the magnetic material get..
the stronger the induced magnetism will be
73
What is the word given when a magnet is brought close to a magnetic material then that material acts as a magnet?
induced magnetism
74
Opposite poles
attract
75
What is the magnetic field inside a current carrying solenoid like?
strong and uniform
76
When is a magnetic material considered 'soft' ?
If it loses its induced magnetism quickly
77
When is a magnetic material considered 'hard' ?
If it keeps it's induced magnetism permanently
78
How can you increase the strength of the magnetic field around a solenoid?
By adding a magnetically 'soft' iron core through the middle of the coil
79
What do transformers do?
change the size of the voltage of an alternating current

PHYSICS (8 decks)

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