Paper 2

Question 1

Positives of dry stone walls

Answer 1

Farmers know their boundaries

Made soil better for farming and animals

Question 2

Negatives of dry stone walls

Answer 2

Travellings hard

Stopping runoff

Question 3

Positives of forestry

Answer 3

Trees, oxygen, CO2

Wood, building supplies

Renewable energy

Slows down soil erosion and prevent flooding

Question 4

Negatives of forestry

Answer 4

Nothing else grows, needles everywhere

Hazel and chestnut coppices no long managed the same

Get overgrown so decline in quality of woodland

Question 5

The 4 types of river erosion

Answer 5

Abrasion-rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks

Attrition-rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles

Traction-large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

Hydraulic action-force of river against banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away

Question 6

The fours S’s of the river

Answer 6

Solution-minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution

Suspension-fine light material is carried along in the water

Saltation-small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

Solution- soluble particles are dissolved into the river

Question 7

Formation of waterfalls and gorges

Answer 7

1) waterfalls occur when a river crosses a bed of more resistant rock
2) erosion of the less resistant rock underneath continues undercutting the hard rock above it. The rivers energy creates a hollow at the foot of the waterfall known as the plunge pool
3) the less resistant rock beneath is eroded more rapidly by abrasion and hydraulic action. It creates a ledge that overhangs and falls
4) the waterfall takes up a new position leaving a steep valley or gorge

Question 8

Where is basalt found and what are it’s economic uses?

Answer 8

Northern Ireland

• usually used during construction projects
• also used as monuments and in floor tiles
• can be used as thermal insulating product, ‘stone wool’

Question 9

Where is chalk found and what is it’s economic uses?

Answer 9

Southern England

• used as source of calcium, natural cement, paper and soil conditioner
• grip for gymnastics
• used in whitening toothpaste and paint

Question 10

Where is slate found and what is it’s economic uses?

Answer 10

Wales and Cornwall

• mainly used for flooring or roof tiles
• used in small things ie sculptures
• can be used in snooker tables and aquariums

Question 11

Middle course of river

Answer 11

Gentle gradient

River discharge increased due to tributaries adding volume

Bed load is smoother and smaller

Less friction

Water erodes more laterally

Question 12

Meander

Answer 12

Bend in river found in middle section

Question 13

How does a meander form?

Answer 13

1) water naturally flows in corkscrew pattern which forms a bend. This is called HELICOIDAL FLOW
2) helicoidal flow sends rover energy laterally. Faster current forced to outer bend, undercuts bank producing steep edge which collapses. Then channel changes position shifting sediment to inner bank forming flood plain
3) this carries on and creates narrow neck between two meanders
4) eventually neck is branched cutting off meander and creating ox bow lake

Question 14

Key words of river erosion

Answer 14

River cliff
Slip off slope
Area of deposition
Undercutting
Inner bend
Fastest velocity
Outer bend

Question 15

Lower course of river

Answer 15

Before flood water is within banks.

During flood water rises above banks and thickest, coarsest sediments deposited at channel banks whereas thin and fine sediment deposited over outer part of flood plain

After many floods the banks have built up natural levees from build up of sediment on channel banks

Question 16

Estuaries

Answer 16

• water plays Hokey Cokey
• water taken out by river by the the sea but bought back by incoming tide
• can stop flow of water and cause mud to deposit(mudflats)
• salt marshes form where plants are able to stand salt and fresh water

Question 17

Things that increase as river travels downstream

Answer 17

Discharge

Load quantity

Occupied channel width

Channel depth

Average velocity

Question 18

Thing that decrease as river travels downstream

Answer 18

Load particle size

Channel bed roughness

Slope angle(gradient)

Question 19

State two reasons why population density varies across the UK

Answer 19

Urban areas have high population densities

• drive UKs economy
• people drawn to cities

Topography

Climate

Agriculture

Question 20

Explain the trends in types of employment in the UK since 1980

Answer 20

Primary sector
-huge decline, nearly halved - farming lost 10000 jobs between 1980 and 2015, coal mines went from 250000 to 4000

Secondary sector
-manufacturing has also fallen sharply ‘old economy’

Tertiary/quaternary
-knowledge economy, developed countries RURAL- farming to tourism

Question 21

Describe two ways in which immigration influences age structure

Answer 21

Immigrants are usually young therefore increase number of 20-30 year olds in population structure

This age is when most people have families which increases number of babies and children

Question 22

What is the domino effect?

How was northern England affected by this?

Answer 22

As one industry collapses it leads to the collapse of others, damaging local businesses and services

COAL-STEEL-SHIPS

These three industries heavily relied on each other 
Coal- expensive as it was deep
Steel- cheap over seas competition
Ships- Asia built cheaper larger ships
LED TO INDUSTRIALISATION

Question 23

Explain what the effects on an ageing population could be on the UKs future

Answer 23

Stretch on healthcare services
-elderly need healthcare more

Need more public transport

More homes in idyllic locations

Fewer percentage of population at working age

Question 24

What is the knowledge economy?

What is the new economy?

Answer 24

1) an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill
- requires uni degrees or specialised training
- law, banking, IT

2) a rose in tertiary and quaternary sectors since 1980

Question 25

What approach does Christchurch Bad take towards coastal management? Give four impacts of erosion in Christchurch bay

Answer 25

1) do nothing 2) home owners lose their homes to the sea, house values fall and insurance is impossible to get Rapid cliff collapses are dangerous for people on beach and cliff side Roads destroyed/flooded Area becomes unattractive

Question 26

Name an upland landscape Give two features of an upland landscape

Answer 26

The Lake District - scree due to physical weathering - landslides as rain adds to weight of weathered rock - rockfalls - U shaped valleys and misfits

Question 27

Give two features of the upper, middle and lower course of a river

Answer 27

``` UPPER -waterfalls -large angular boulders -V shaped valleys MIDDLE -meanders -gentler gradient -wider deeper river LOWER COURSE -estuary -flood plain -salt marshes ```

Question 28

Name a lowland landscape Give two features of a lowland landscape

Answer 28

The Weald Scarp and vale topography Dry valleys Chemical and biological weathering Slower slope processes

Question 29

Give three factors that affect the shape of a storm hydrograph

Answer 29

Antecedent rainfall - larger peak discharge - shorter lag time Vegetation - smaller peak discharge - longer lag time Geology - permeable, smaller peak discharge, long lag time - impermeable, larger peak discharge, short lag time

Question 30

List reasons for 2014 Somerset level floods

Answer 30

Building on the floodplain Levees caused river bed to be raised Dredging not done recently Extreme weather High tide and tidal surges

Question 31

List reasons for the 2007 Sheffield floods (June)

Answer 31

Urbanisation -impermeable surfaces increased run off Landscape -surrounded by steep valleys, confluence of rivers and trees blocked channel Abnormal rainfall -100mm 25th June Poorly designed/too small drains

Question 32

Define random, systematic and stratified sampling

Answer 32

Random -samples are chosen randomly Systematic -working to a system Stratified -intentionally choosing samples so as to include a variety

Question 33

# Define quantitive date, give an example Define qualitative date, give an example

Answer 33

Quantitive data -data collected using equipment and recorded as numbers Qualitative -data collected not involving numbers but the judgement of the person collecting it

Question 34

List the 6 stages of the route to enquiry

Answer 34

Setting up a question Collecting primary data Finding secondary data Presenting data Analyse Evaluate

Question 35

# Define subjective data Define objective data

Answer 35

Subjective As a result of a feeling/instinct/belief Objective Factual and supported evidence

Question 36

What was the Plymouth urban fieldwork enquiry question? Why were these two places chosen?

Answer 36

‘How successful has the Plymouth plan been in Millbay and stonehouse?’ Chosen because they have the highest levels of deprivation as well as lowest life expectancy

Question 37

List methods of primary data collection that will indicate varying levels of change in urban areas

Answer 37

Bipolar impact analysis Decibel count Transect Questionnaires Non participant observations Traffic count Pedestrian count Photographs Sketches

Question 38

List the 5 key aims of the Plymouth plan

Answer 38

Roots - sense of belonging Opportunities Power- to influence change Flourish- enterprising and diverse environment Connections- social and cultural links between people

Question 39

What is mass movement? Give some examples of slow and rapid movement

Answer 39

Mass movement means all processes that cause rock material to move downslope under gravity Rapid- landslides, mudflow, less common in UK, occurs on railways and along cliff coastlines Slow- soil creep caused by rain dislodging, each time it rains

Question 40

What is carbon dating?

Answer 40

Carbon dating uses radioactive testing to find the age of rocks which contained living material