Paper 2 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Sinuses draining into the transverse sinuses
A
- Receives the superior sagittal, occipital and straight sinuses
2
Q
Drainage of the inferior anastamotic vein of Labbe
A
Transverse sinus
3
Q
Circle of Willis variants
A
- Hypoplasia of one or both PCOM
- Hypoplastic/absent segment A1 segment of ACA
- Absent or fenestrated ACOM
- Origin of PCA from the ICA with absent/hypoplastic P1 segment
- Infundibular dilatation of the PCOM origin
4
Q
Common or important variants of the corpus callosum
A
- Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
- Primary = corpus never forms
- Secondary: forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
- Absent septum pellucidum
- Holoprosencephaly
- Hypoplastic fornices
- Cavum abnormalities
5
Q
Four parts of the MCA
A
- Sphenoidal - Insular - Opercular - Cortical
6
Q
Posterior cranial fossa variants
A
- Chiari malformations - Dandy Walker malformations - Mega cisterna magna - Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts - Vermian hypoplasia - Cerebellar dysplasia - Pontocerebellar hypoplasia
7
Q
Name the nerves which pass through the cavernous sinus in order from superior to inferior
A
a. Occulomotor b. Ophthalmic division of V c. Trochlear d. Maxillary division of V e. Abducens
8
Q
Variants of the septum pellucidum
A
- Cavum septum pellucidum - Cavum septum pellucidum et vergae - Cavum veli interpositi
9
Q
Describe and compare variants of the variants of the septum pellucidum
A
- Cavum septum pellucidum describes a dilation within the anterior portion fo the septum pellucidum - When it continues further posteriorly it is called cavum septum pellucidum et vergae - Cavum veli interpositi – dilation of the normal cistern of the velum interpositum
10
Q
4 branches of the supraclinoid branches and terminal segments of the ICA excluding the ACA and the MCA
A
- Ophthalmic artery - Superior hypophyseal - PCOM - Ant choroidal
11
Q
Describe the blood supply of the pituitary gland
A
- Complex supply via the hypophyseal portal system, composed of 6 arteries, three from below and three from above. - Above o Superior hypophyseal artery o Infundibular artery o Prechiasmal artery - Below o Inferior hypohyseal artery o Capsular artery o Artery of the inferior cavernous sinus
12
Q
List 2 variants of the basal cisterns
A
- Arachnoid cysts - Cavum velum interpositi
13
Q
List and briefly describe the congenital anastomoses between the carotid and vertebrobasilar arterial systems
A
- Persistent primitive trigeminal artery (ICA exits the carotid canal, runs posterolaterally along the trigerminal nerve, associated with small PCOM and vertebrals) - Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (through the hypoglossal canal parallel to the nerve, connecting the cervical ICA with the basilar artery. Single artery which hsupplies the brainstem and cerebellum) - Persistent otic artery - Persistent proatlantal artery
14
Q
Innervation of the larynx
A
- Motor: recurrent laryngeal nerve, except cricothyroid which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve - Sensory: o Above the vocal cords – internal laryngeal N o Below the vocal cords: recurrent laryngeal nerve
15
Q
3 common or important variants of the thyroid gland (no vascular)
A
- Pyramidal lobe - Lobar hemiagnenesis - Thyroglossal duct cyst - Ectopic thyroid tissue - Zuckerandl’s tubercle
16
Q
2 common or important variants of the parathyroid glands (no vascular)
A
- Supranumary glands - Fewer than 4 parathyroid glands - Ectopic parathyroid gland
17
Q
Variants of the calvarial sutures
A
- Persistent metopic suture - Wormian bones - Craniosynostosis - Continuation of the occipitomastoid suture - Second symmetric occipitomastoid suture - Accessory parietal suture - Mendosal suture
18
Q
Pharyngeal impression
A
- Cricopharyngeus - Aorta - Left main bronchus - Left atrium - (Aberrant right subclavian artery) - (aberrant left pulmonary artery)
19
Q
Innervation of the 3 constrictor muscles
A
- Superior and middle: Pharyngeal plexus - Inferior: pharyngeal plexus with possible innervation from recurrent laryngeal and/or external laryngeal nerve
20
Q
Structure located in the trachea-oesophageal groove, Origin and function
A
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve - Originates: vagus N - Function: Motor supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricopharyngeus) - Sensory and secretomor supply to the laryngeal mucosal structures below the level of the vocal cords
21
Q
5 important/common variants of the paranasal sinuses
A
- Mainly size and bony septation - Sphenoid sinus: optic nerve relationship o 1: adjacent to the sphenoid sinus o 2: indenting the sinus o 3: Traversing the sinus o 4: Adjacent to the posterior ethmoid sinus - Frontal o Aplastic o Hypoplastic o Enlarged - Agger nasi, Haller, Onodi cells, concha bullosa - Supraorbital air cells
22
Q
What enters the skull with the internal carotid artery
A
- Enters through the carotid canal - Sympathetic plexus is carried with it.
23
Q
5 common or important variants of the vertebral arteries
A
- Enters the transverse foramina at the level of C7 - Hypoplastic - Terminates as the PICA - Variable origin o Aortic arch o Second branch of subclavian artery o Common carotid o External carotid o Internal carotid - Duplication - Fenestration
24
Q
4 structures embedded in the parotid glands
A
- Retromandibular vein - Facial nerve - External carotid artery - Intraparotid lymph nodes
25
5 common or important variants of the ophthalmic artery
- Middle meningeal can arise from ophthalmic artery - Origin from MCA - Origin from PCom - Communicating branch between the ophthalmic and middle meningeal – sphenoidal artery - Meningo-ophthalmic artery
26
Arterial blood supply to the thyroid gland
- Superior thyroid (from ECA) - Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
27
Superior and inferior borders of the cervical lymph level III nodes in the neck
- Superior: inferior border of the hyoid bone - Inferior: inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
28
Nerves entering the eye through the tendinous annulus of Zinn
- Superior division of the oculomotor nerve - Nasociliary nerve - Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve - Abducens nerve
29
Which nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland and which ganglion does it involve
- Greater petrosal nerve - Pterygopalatine ganglion
30
Where do the superior and inferior orbital veins drain to?
- Cavernous sinus
31
Which nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure outside the ring of Zinn
- Trochlear - Lacrimal nerve - Frontal nerve
32
Name the muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve
- SR, MR, IR, IO
33
Layers of the scalp
- Skin - Connective tissue - Aponeurosis - Loose areolar tissue - Pericranium
34
Nerve supply of the scalp
- Anterior: o Supratrochlear o Supraorbital o Lacrima - Superior scalp o Supraorbital - Posterior scalp o Greater occipital N o Third occipital N - Lateral nerve o Zygomaticotemporal o Zygomatricofacial o Auriculotemporal o Lesser occipital nerve - Muscles of the scalp o Facial nerve
35
Variants of the calvarial structures
- Microcephaly - Persistent Metopic suture - Wormian bones - Cloverleaf skull - Craniosynostosis
36
Structures traversing the jugular foramen
- Pars nervosa o Inferior petrosal sinus o CN IC - Pars vascularis o Jugular bulb o CN X. XI
37
Nerve that supplies the motor innervation to the mylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of the digastric
Facial nerve
38
Nerve supplying taste sensory innervation to the anterior 2.3 of the tongue
Chorda tympani
39
Nerve supplying parasympathetic innervation to the parotid salivary gland and which ganglia it involves
Lesser petrosal nerve Otic ganglion
40
Contents of the masticator space
- Muscles of mastication - Inferior alveolar artery, vein and nerve - Ramus and body of mandible - Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - Pterygoid venous plexus
41
Structures passing through the foramen spinosum
- Middle meningeal artery - Middle meningeal vein - Nervus spinosus
42
Boundaries of the epiploic foramen of winslow
- A: free edge of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament) - P: IVC - S: caudate lobe - I: commencement of the duodenum
43
Liver segments between the right and middle hepatic veins
V and VIII
44
Segments drained by the left hepatic veins
II.III
45
Structure separating segments 2 and 3 from 4
Left hepatic vein
46
Structure in the horizontal plane dividing the superior and inferior liver segments
Portal plane - bifurcation of the portal vein
47
5 important/common variants of the pancreas and its ducts
- Ansa pancreaticum - Pancreatic divisium o Minor papilla drains the pancreas o Major papilla drains the bile duct - Meandering pancreatic duct - Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction
48
Most common branching pattern of the hepatic duct
o Formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts o Joins cystic duct to form the CBD
49
Most common branching pattern of the portal vein
o Right portal vein Anterior (supplying segments V and VII) Posterior (segments Vi and VII) o Left portal vein Transverse and umbilical portions Supply segments II, III and IV
50
Most common branching pattern of the hepatic artery
o Common hepatic branch Terminal branch of the Coeliac arteries Branches • Right gastric • Proper hepatic • Gastroduodenal o Proper hepatic Right hepatic Left hepatic (50%) left hepatic o Right hepatic Anterior segmental branch (segments V, VIII) Posterior segmental branch (segmental VI, VII) o Left hepatic Medial segmental Lateral segmental
51
5 common or important variants of the coeliac artery
• Extracoeliac origin of its three branches o Aortic Left gastric Splenic Common hepatic o SMA Left gastric Splenic Common hepatic • Other branches from the coeliac artery o Dorsal pancreatic o Right hepatic o Gastroduodenal artery o Inferior phrenic
52
5 common/important variants of the superior mesenteric artery
• Replaced right hepatic artery • Replaced left hepatic artery • Replaced common hepatic artery • Accessory right hepatic artery • Coaeliacomesenteric trunk • Replaced splenic artery • Replaced left gastric artery • Replaced dorsal pancreatic artery • Arc of Buhler • Arc of Riolan
53
Hepatic vein draining segment 1
Caudate vein draining into the IVC
54
5 common/important variants of the suprarenal arteries
• Variable origin of the middle suprarenal artery o Inferior phrenic artery o Coeliac trunk o Superior mesenteric artery o Renal artery o Lumbar artery o Gonadal artery • Variable origin for inferior adrenal artery o Terminal branch of the renal artery o From supplementary renal artery o From the aorta o Gonadal artery o Coeliac trunk
55
All lymphatics drain to which structure in the abdomen and where is it located
- Cisterna Chyli - At the level of L1-2 to the right of the aorta behind the right crus of diaphragm
56
Which diaphragmatic hiatus does the thoracic duct pass through and what else passes through with it
- Aortic hiatus - With the o Aorta o Azygos vein and hemiazygous vein
57
Name 4 organs located within the anterior pararenal space
- Duodenum - Pancreas - Ascending and descending colon
58
Which fascial layer is formed laterally by the fusion of the anterior and posterior pararenal fascia
lateral conal fascia
59
Name the common and important variants of the extrahepatic biliary tree excluding the gallbladder and pancreatic ducts
- Triple confluence - Aberrant hepatic duct - Low insertion of the RHD into the BHD - Accessory hepatic ducts - RASD inserting into the LHD - RPSD inserting into the LHD
60
3 pre-aortic plexi which provide autonomic innervation to the GI tract
- Coeliac - Superior mesenteric - Aorticorenal - Inferior mesenteric
61
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs of the above plexi
- Coeliac: greater and lesser splanchnic - Superior mesenteric: greater and lesser splanchnic - Inferior mesenteric: least splanchnic - Parasympathetic: vagus
62
What are the sources of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the pelvic plexus
- Parasympathetic: S2,3,4 - Sympathetic: sacral splanchnic
63
Arterial supply of the ureters
- Renal artery - Abdominal aorta - Superior and inferioer vesical artery - Variably: gonadal, middle rectal and uterine
64
Innervation of the urinary bladder
- Autonomic: vesical nerve plexus o Symp: hypogastric nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglion, supplied by lumbar splanchnic nerves o Parasymp: pelvic splanchnics - Somatic: pudendal nerves
65
Order of structures from anterior to posterior of structures entering the renal hilum
- Ureter - Renal vein - Renal artery
66
5 common or important variants of the ureters
- Duplex - Bifid - Ectopic - Ureterocele - Circumcaval
67
5 variants of the hepatic arteries
- CHA o Aorta o SMA o Trifurcation o Coeliacomesenteric trunk - RHA o From coeliac o SMA o Accessory right hepatic - LHA o From left gastric o Accessory left hepatic
68
Relations of the gallbladder
- S: visceral surface of the liver, anterior abdominal wall - I: transverse colon, second part of the duodenum - A: visceral surface of the liver, transverse colon, 9th costal cartilage - P: right kidney, distal first part and proximal second part of duodenum - M: 1st part of duodenum, free margin of the lessor omentum and epiploic foramen - L: right lobe of liver
69
Tributaries of the IVC
- T8: paired inferior phrenic, hepatic veins - L1: right suprarenal, renal veins - L2: right gonadal - L2-5 lumbar - L5: common iliac veins
70
5 variants of the caecum or appendix
- Subhepatic caecum - Mobile caecum - Additional arterial supply from the accessory appendicular artery - Duplex - Agenesis
71
Common or important variants of the arterial supply of the hand
- Incomplete superficial palmar arch - Doubled superficial palmar arc h - Ulnar artery supplies the 3rd finger from both sides - RA supplies the radial side of the index finger with no branch to the thumb - UA supplies the palm upto the ulnar side of the index finger
72
Average age of the appearance of the secondary ossification centres of the elbow
- Capitellum 2-24 month - Radial head 3-6 years - Internal epicondyle 4-7 years - Trochlea 8-10 years - Olecranon 8-10 years - External epicondyle 10-13 years
73
5 common/important variants of the brachial artery
- Duplicated for its entire course - Duplicated for part of its course - Superficial brachial artery courses anteriorly, not posteriorly to the median nerve - Accessory brachial artery: duplication uniting prior to the cubital fossa - Bifurcation in the proximal arm: superficial radial artery
74
5 common or important variants of the glenoid labrum and labral biceps complex
- Buford complex - Sublabral foramen - Superior sublabral sulcus - Pseudo- SLAP lesion
75
Termination of the axillary artery
Lower border of teres major
76
Structure dividing the axillary artery into three parts
Pectoralis minor
77
Variants of the carpal bones
- Scaphoid o Bipartite o Tripartite o Coalition o Scaphoid hypoplasia - Lunate o Articular facet variation o Lunotriquetral coalition o Accessory ossicles Os epilunate Os hypotriquetrum Os hypolunatum o Bipartite lunatum - Triquetrum o Os triquetrum o Os triquetrum secundarium o Os triangulare - Pisiform o Os pisiforme secundarium - Hamate o Bipartite hook of hamate o Os hamuli proprium o Capitohamate coalition
78
Innervation of FCR
Median N
79
Anatomic variants in the innervation of the hand
* Variant branching of the median nerve
* Variant branching of the ulnar nerve
* Trifurcation
* Additional superficial branch
* Dorsal sensory branch from PDN
* Riche-Cannieu anastomoses
* Berrettini anastomosis
* Variation in the innervation of the hypothenar and thenar muscles
80
Anterior rami contributing to the brachial plexus
- C5-T1
81
Name the nerves arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
- Lateral pectoral nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve - Lateral root of the median nerve
82
Muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous N
- Coracobrachialis - Biceps brachii - Brachialis muscles
83
Boundaries of the quadrilateral space
* M: lateral border of the long head of triceps
* L: medial cortex of the surgical neck of humerus
* S: inferior border of the teres minor
* I: superior border of the teres major muscle
* A: subscapularis
* P: teres minor
84
Nerve supplying the deltoid muscle
Axillary nerve
85
Variants of the brachial plexus
* Prefixed
* Postfiexed
* Contribution from the C4 or T2 ventral rami
* Trunk, divisions or cord may be absent
* Variations in the branching patterns
86
Variants of the upper limb skeletal muscles
* Sternalis muscle
* Poland syndrome: absence of the pectoralis major
* Pre fixed or post fixed origin of the pectoralis minor
* Serratus anterior
* Attachment to the 10th rib
* Absence of attachments to the 1st rib
* Union with fibres of the levator scapula, external intercostal or external oblique
* Subclavius can insert into the coracoid process, or the upper border of the scapula
* Biceps
* Duplicated long head
* Bifid/bifurcated insertion
* Accessory head of the long head of the biceps tendon
* Supranumerary heads of brachialis
* Triceps
* Patella cubiti
* 4th head from medial humerus
* Long head may be supplied by the axillary nerve
* Absence of the palmaris longus
* Duplication of the flexor carpi ulnaris
* Linburd-comstock anomaly: FPL sends a connecting tendon to FDP
* Anomalous head of FPL – gantzer muscle
87
Artery of adamkiewicz: side and level of origination
* On the left from the level of the 9th to 12th intercostal arteries
88
Area supplied by the posterior spinal arteries
* Posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord
89
Origin and course of the anterior spinal artery
* Originates from the vertebral arteries at the level of the medulla
* Courses along the anterior surface of the spinal cord within the anterior median fissure.
90
Arteries which give rise to the segmental medullary and radicular arteries
* Branches of the vertebral artery
* Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
* Ascending cervical arteries
* Deep cervical arteries
* Posterior intercostal arteries
* Lumbar arteries
* Lateral sacral arteries
91
5 important/common variants of the thoracic vertebrae
* Bifid spinous process
* Hemiverteba
* Block vertebra
* Butterfly vertebra
* Cervical rib
92
Differences in types of spinous processes between the typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
* Cervical spinous proceses: bifid
* Thoracic: long and downwards pointing
* Lumbar: short and thick
93
Level of the conus medullaris in the foetus, neonate and adult
* Foetus: l3
* Neonate L1-2
* Adult: L1-2
94
5 important or common variants of lumbosacral segmentation
* Sacralisation of L5
* Lumboralisation of S1
* Limbus vertebra
* Sacral agenesis
* Sacral hemiagenesis
* Lumbar rib
95
1.Common/important variants of the sacrum
* Sacral agenesis
* Sacral hemiagenesis
* Lumboralisation of S1
* Tarlov Cyst
* Meningocele
96
Contents of a typical intervertebral foramen at the level of the midlumbar spine
* Spinal nerve root
* Dorsal root ganglion
* Recurrent meningeal nerve
* Segmental spinal artery
* Intervertebral veins
* Transforaminal ligaments
97
Contents of a typical intervertebral foramen at the level of the midlumbar spine
C3
98
Spinal nerve exiting between the C7 and T1 vertebrae
C8
99
Spinal nerve exiting between the T6 and T7 vertebrae
T6
100
Spinal nerve exiting between the L5 and S1 vertebrae
L5
101
5 common or important variants of the arterial supply to the spinal cord
* Right sided origin of the artery of Adamkiewicz
* Duplication of the ASA
* Branching origin of the posterior spinal artery
* Variation in the number of radicular thoracic spinal arteries
* Discontinuous PSA, cruciate configuration
102
5 osseous variants of the cervical spine
* Incomplete posterior arch of C1
* Os odontoideum
* Variable bifid spinous processes
* Variable length of spinous processes
* Accessory transverse foramina
* Fused vertebra
103
Variants of the lumbar vertebrae
* Block vertebra
* Butterfly vertebra
* Hemivertebra
* Sacralisation of L5
* Lumbar rib
104
What does the 12th cranial nerve supply?
* Motor to the tongue
* Taste and general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
105
Orientation of the facet joints of the lumbar spine
* Face obliquely
* The superior articular facet is concave and faces posteromedially
* The inferior articular facet is convex and faces anteriorly
106
5 common or significant variants of the aortic arch branches
* Bovine configuration
* Common origin of the left subclavian and left common carotid artery
* Origin of the vertebral arteries from the aortic arch
* Right sided arch
* Double aortic arch
107
Vascular structures which accompany the segmental bronchi
The segmental bronchi are accompanied by the pulmonary arteries
108
5 important/common variants of the coronary arteries
* Malignant course of the right coronary artery
* Right sided dominant
* Single coronary artery
* Hypoplastic coronary arteries
* Absent coronary arteries
109
Anterior, posterior and inferior boundaries of the transverse pericardial sinus
* Anterior: intrapericardial portion of the pulmonary trunk
* Posterior: superior vena cava on right, left atrial appendage on the left
* Inferior: oblique pericardial sinus
110
1.Pericardial recesses arising from the transverse pericardial sinus
* Aortic recesses: superior and inferior
* Pulmonary recesses: right and left
* Post caval
* Pulmonary venous: right and left
111
Anterior, posterior and superior boundaries of the oblique pericardial sinus
* Anterior
* Posterior
* Superior: Transverse pericardial sinus
112
Pericardial recess arising from the oblique pericardial sinus
* Aortic: superior and inferior
* Pulmonic: right and left
* Post caval
* Pulmonary venous: right and left
113
Pericardial recesses arising from the pericardial cavity proper
* Aortic: superior and inferior
* Pulmonic: right and left
* Post caval
* Pulmonary venous: right and left
114
3 common or important variants of the lung fissures
* Azygous fissure
* Accessory fissure of the left lung
* Inferior and superior accessory fissures
115
2 common or important variants of the major bronchi
* Pig bronchus
* Cardiac bronchus
* Oesophageal bronchus
116
Course of the oesophagus in the chest
* Courses through the thoracic inlet to the left of the midline
* Returns to the midline at T5
* Courses to the left of the midline within the posterior mediastinum
* Curves anteriorly to pass through the diaphragm at the level of T10
117
Lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus in the chest
* Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
118
Course of the azygos vein
* Enters the chest through the aortic hiatus
* Ascends in the posterior mediastinum before arching over the right main bronchus posterior at the root of the right lung
* Joints the SVC
119
Tributaries of the azygos vein
* Hemiazygos
* Accessory hemiazygos
* Posterior right intercostal
* Right superior phrenic
* Right superior intercostal
* Tracheal veins
* Oesophageal
* Bronchial pericardial
* Venous vertebral plexus
120
Name the segments of the left upper lobe
* A: apicoposterior segment
* S: superior lingular segment
* I: inferior lingular segment
* A: anterior segment
121
Name the segments of the left lower lobe
* A: anteromedial
* L: lateral
* P: posterior
* S: superior
122
5 common or important variants of the pulmonary veins
* Common trunks
* Common draining trunk of the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins
* * Single accessory right middle pulmonary vein
* Two right middle pulmonary veins
* One accessory right upper and one accessory right middle pulmonary vein
* Superior segment right lower lobe vein
* Basilar segment right lower lobe vin
* Right top pulmonary vein
123
Relations of the oesophagus at level of the carina
* A: trachea
* P: vertebral bodies of T4/5
* M: Is in the midline
L: pleura and lungs, recurrent laryngeal nerves
124
Structures which traverse the diaphragm at the oesophageal hiatus
* Oesophagus
* Vagus
* Small oesophageal arteries
125
Structures which the phrenic nerves supplies in the thorax
* Mediastinal pleura
* Pericardium
* Central parts of diaphragmatic pleura
126
Structures which the vagus nerves supply in the thorax
* Superior and inferior cardiac nerves
* Anterior and posterior bronchial nerves
* Oesophagus
127
5 common or important variants of the SVC
* Duplicated SVC
* Left sided SVC
* Separate drainage of the brachiocephalic veins into the right atrium
* The azygos drains directly into the right atrium
Anomalous drainage of the coronary veins
128
Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture
* Posteriorly: T1 Vertebral body and CV joints
* Laterally: 1st ribs and costal cartilages
* Anteriorly: superior border of the manubrium
129
Division of the subclavian artery
* -Divided by the anterior scalene muscle into thirds
130
Branches of each part of the subclavian artery
* 1st:
* Internal thoracic
* Thyrocervical
* Vertebral
* 2nd: costocervical trunk
3rd: dorsal scapular
131
2 variants of the aortic arch excluding branches
* Duplicated
* Right sided
132
2 variants of the origin of the right subclavian artery
* Arises distal to the left subclavian artery
* Bovine configuration
133
Where does the variant thyroid IMA artery usually arise from
Brachiocephalic trunk
134
5 variants of the carotid arterial system
* Kissing carotids
* Retropharyngeal carotid
* Vertebral arteries arise from the CCA
* Congenital absence of the ICA
* Persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses
* Variant branching patterns of the ECA
135
5 common or important variants of the male gonads and their development
* Undescended testes, unilateral
* Bilateral undescended testes
* Bell clapper deformity
* Ectopic testis
* Testicular appendages
* Both testes within one scrotal sac
* Polyorchidism
136
Contents of the spermatic cord
* Ductus deferens
* Artery to ductus deferens
* Testicular artery
* Cremasteric artery
* Panpiniform plexus
* Genital branch o the genitofemoral nerve
* Lymphatics
* Nerves
* Sympathetic nerve fibres on arteries
Parasympathetic nerve fibres on the ductus deferens
137
Female equivalent of the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal and its attachment
* Round ligament
* Attached to the
* Cornu of the uterus
* Labia majora and mons pubis soft tissue
138
5 common/important variants of the ureter
* Duplex
* Bifid
* Ectopic
* Ureterocele
* Circumcaval
139
Zonal anatomy of the prostate gland
* Peripheral zone approximately 70% of total prostate volume
* Central zone approximately 25%, posterior to the prostatic urethra, forming the base of the prostate
* Transition zone 5% - anterior to the prostatic urethra
140
Arterial supply of the prostate gland
* Prostatic branch of the inferior vesical artery
* Can be supplied by the middle rectal arteries
141
What structures exit the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?
* Piriformis
* Suprapiriform
* Superior gluteal vessels
* Superior gluteal nerve
* Infrapiriform fossa
* Inferior gluteal vessel
* Internal pudendal vessels
* Nerves of the sacral plexus
* Inferior gluteal nerve
* Pudendal nerve
* Sciatic nerve
* Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
* Nerve to obturator internus
* Nerve to quadratus femoris
142
5 common/important uterine variants
* Arcuate
* Didelphys
* Unicornuate
* Bicornuate
* Uterine agenesis
* Septate uterus
143
How the internal structure of the trigone differs from the remainder of the bladder
* An area of smooth mucosa
* The remainder of the urinary bladder is lined with a rough, trabeculated transitional cell epithelium
144
Blood supply to the urinary bladder
* Upper part: superior vesical artery
* Lower part
* Men: inferior vesical artery
* Women: vaginal artery
145
5 common or important variants of the internal iliac artery
* Origin at differing levels
* S1
* L5
* L5/S1
* Branching pattern variation
* Iliolumbar from trunk
* Obturator from the posterior division
* Obturator with inferior vesical
* Abnormal obturator artery
* Types
* 1: superior gluteal and a common trunk arise from the IIA
* 2: internal pudendal artery and a common trunk arise from IIA
* 3: Internal pudendal artery and two gluteal arteries originate from the same trunk
* 4: internal pudendal and two gluteal arteries originate from the same trunk
* 5: inferior gluteal and common trunk arise from the IIA
146
Spinal cord segments supplying the pelvic diaphragm
* S3,4
* Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
147
supplying the pelvic diaphragm which peripheral nerve is involved
* Pudendal nerve
148
5 variants of the origin of the obturator artery
* Common iliac
* External iliac
* Posterior division of the internal iliac
* With superior gluteal
* With iliolumbar
* With inferior epigastric
* From both external and internal iliac
149
What artery supplies the prostate and what does it arise from
* Prostatic branch from the inferior vesical artery
150
Specific route by which cancer cells may spread from the prostate gland to a vertebral body
* Prostatic venous plexus communicates with the pudendal plexus to the deep dorsal vein, with communication to the Batson vertebral plexus
151
What lies immediate posterior to the prostate? What separates it from the prostate
* Rectum
* Separated by rectovesical fascia
152
Common or important variants of the sciatic nerve
Early division in the pelvis
* Common peroneal nerve piercing the piriformis with the tibial nerve exiting below
* Common peroneal travels above the piriformis and tibial nerve below
Sciatic nerve goes over the piriformis
Sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis
153
5 anatomical variants of popliteal artery branching
* Hypoplastic infrapopliteal vessels
* Trifurcation
* High bifurcation - above poplieus
* High origin of the anterior tibial
* High origin of the posterior tibial
* Peroneal arises off the anterior tibial
154
5 important/common variants of the deep veins of the lower leg
* Duplicated superficial femoral vein
* Duplication in the adductor canal
* Duplication in the mid thigh
* Medial to the main SFV
* Lateral to the main SFV
* Triplication
* Duplicated popliteal veins
155
5 common/important variants of the superficial venous drainage of the lower limb
* GSV
* Duplication
* Segmental hypoplasia
* Accessory saphenous veins
* SSV
* Duplication
* Variable termination
* Variable presence of communicating branches with the popliteal vein
156
Blood supply to the femoral head
* Blood supply to the superiormedial (tip) of the femoral head is via the ligamentum teres
* The remainder is supplied by branches of the circumflex femoral arteries (medial and lateral)
157
Branches from the sciatic nerve
* Articular branches
* Muscular branches to
* Biceps femoris
* Semitendinosis
* Semimembranosus
* Adductor magnus
* Tibial
* Common peroneal
158
5 common or important variants of the arterial supply of the foot
* Incomplete plantar arch
* Absence of the DP
* DP as a continuation of the peroneal
* Hypoplastic DP
* Absence of the arcuate artery
* Arcuate artery arising form the lateral tarsal artery
* Supply of the dorsal metatarsal arteries form the plantar arch alone
* No communication between the dorsal and plantar arches
159
Common/important tarsal bone variations
* Calcaneonavicular coalition
* Talocalcaneal coalition
* Os talotibiale
* Os trigonum
* Congenital vertical talus
* Os calcaneus secundaris
* Enlarged peroneal tubercle
* Retrotrochlear eminence
* Assimilated os sustentaculum tali
* Accessory navicular
160
5 common/important variants in the common/superficial femoral artery
* Superficial femoral artery
* Duplication
* Hypoplasia
* Level of bifurcation of the common femoral artery
* Persistent sciatic artery
* Duplicated profunda femoris
* Absent profunda femoris
* Lateral and medial circumflex arteries can originate from the common or superficial femoral arteries
161
Locking and unlocking mechanisms of the knee joint when a patient stands and then sits
* There is medial rotation of the femur on tibia see on the last 5 degrees of extension
* This locks the knee joint in extension
* Unlocking – results in lateral rotation, popliteus
