Paper 2 C7- Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Define crude oil
A
Remains of plankton and other living material buried in mud
2
Q
Explain how crude oil is formed
A
- Dead plankton and plants sink to the seabed
- They are buried between layers of sand and mud (sedimentary) and don’t rot
- Immense heat and pressure breaks them down into crude oil
3
Q
Give two properties of crude oil
A
- Finite
- Mixture of mostly hydrocarbons
4
Q
Define hydrocarbon
A
Molecule made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
5
Q
Name the type of hydrocarbon that is more common in crude oil
A
Alkanes (saturated)
6
Q
Give the general formula for alkanes
A
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
7
Q
Define homologus series
A
“Family” of compounds with similar properties due to having the same general formula
8
Q
Name the alkane with 1 carbon atom
A
Methane
9
Q
Name the alkane with 2 carbon atoms
A
Ethane
10
Q
Name the alkane with 3 carbon atoms
A
Propane
11
Q
Name the alkane with 4 carbon atoms
A
Butane
12
Q
Give the molecular formula for methane
A
CH₄
13
Q
Give the molecular formula for ethane
A
C₂H₆
14
Q
Give the molecular formula for propane
A
C₃H₈
15
Q
Give the molecular formula for butane
A
C₄H₁₀
16
Q
Write the suffix for alkanes
A
-ane
17
Q
Identify the type of bond that connects each atom in a hydrocarbon
A
Covalent
18
Q
Give the term for a group of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms
A
Fraction
19
Q
Explain how the mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated
A
- Crude oil is heated and evaporated
- Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense quickly
- These leave the fractionating column at the bottom
- Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense later
- These leave the fractionating column nearer to the top
20
Q
Identify two uses of the fractions produced from fractional distillation
A
- Fuel
- Feedstock (for the petrochemical industry)
21
Q
Name the 6 types of fuel made from fractions in order of decreasing boiling points
A
- Bitumen
- Heavy fuel oil
- Diesel oil
- Kerosene
- Petrol
- Liquified petroleum gas
22
Q
Identify the use of bitumen
A
Roads
23
Q
Identify the two uses of fuel oil
A
- Ships
- Power stations
24
Q
Identify the use of kerosene
A
- Aircraft fuel
25
Give four uses of fractions by the petrochemical industry
- Solvents
- Lubricants
- Polymers
- Detergents
26
Name the three properties that the size of a hydrocarbon affects
- Boiling point
- Viscosity
- Flammability
27
Describe the relationship between the size of a hydrocarbon and its boiling point
The longer a hydrocarbon, the higher its boiling point
The shorter a hydrocarbon, the lower its boiling point
28
Describe the relationship between the size of a hydrocarbon and its viscosity
The longer a hydrocarbon, the higher its viscosity
The shorter a hydrocarbon, the lower its viscosity
29
Describe the relationship between the size of a hydrocarbon and its flammability
The longer a hydrocarbon, the lower its flammability
The shorter a hydrocarbon, the higher its flammability
30
State why hydrocarbons make good fuels
They can combust to release energy
31
Write the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon + oxygen -----> carbon dioxide + water
32
The hydrogen and carbon are ___________ in the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon
Oxidised
33
Identify the purpose of cracking
Breaks large hydrocarbons down into smaller ones to meet the demand for fuel
34
[Exam Q] Explain why large hydrocarbon molecules are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules (2 marks)
- Greater demand for smaller molecules
---> They are more useful/better fuels/used to make polymers
35
Name the two types of cracking
- Catalytic cracking
- Steam cracking
36
Describe what catalytic cracking involves
Passing a hydrocarbon over:
- A zeolite catalyst
- At low pressure
- And high temperature
37
Describe what steam cracking involves
Reacting hydrocarbon with:
- Steam
- At high temperatures
38
Name the two products of cracking
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
39
In the equation for cracking, the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms are _________ on each side of the equation
Equal/the same
40
Give the general formula for alkenes
CₙH₂ₙ
41
Write the functional group for alkenes
C=C
42
State why alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
They have a C=C double bond
43
Give one synonym for alkenes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
44
Name the first 4 alkenes
- Ethene
- Propene
- Butene
- Pentene
45
Write the suffix for alkenes
-ene
46
Describe a chemical test used to determine the presence of an alkene
Bromine water changes from orange to colourless
---> Alkanes cause no colour change with either reaction
47
Identify one use of alkenes
Polymers
48
True/False: Alkanes are more likely than alkenes to undergo incomplete combustion
False
49
Give the word equation for incomplete combustion of an alkene
alkene + oxygen ---> carbon (soot) + carbon monoxide + water
50
Give one observation that can be made when an alkene undergoes incomplete combustion
Smoky flame
51
Name the type of reaction that involves atoms added across a C=C bond so that it becomes a C-C bond
Addition reaction
52
Name the three substances that alkenes can react with in addition reactions
- Hydrogen
- Water
- Halogens
53
Write the word equation for an alkene's addition reaction with hydrogen
alkene + hydrogen ---> alkane
(e.g. butene + hydrogen ---> butane)
54
Write the word equation for an alkene's addition reaction with water
alkene + water ---> alcohol
(e.g. propene + water ---> propanol)
55
Write the word equation for an alkene's addition reaction with halogens
alkene + halogen ---> di[prefix]alkane
(e.g. ethene + bromine ---> dibromoalkane)
56
Write the functional group for alcohols
-OH
57
Write the general formula for alcohols
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
58
Write the suffix for alcohols
-ol
59
Name the first 4 alcohols
- Methanol
- Ethanol
- Propanol
- Butanol
60
Write the molecular formula for methanol
CH₃OH
61
Write the molecular formula for ethanol
C₂H₅OH
62
Write the molecular formula for propanol
C₃H₇OH
63
Write the molecular formula for butanol
C₄H₉OH
64
Write the semi-structural formula for methanol
CH₃OH
65
Write the semi-structural formula for ethanol
CH₃CH₂OH
66
Write the semi-structural formula for propanol
CH₃CH₂CH₂OH
67
Write the semi-structural formula for butanol
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH
68
Write the word equation for the reaction of alcohol and sodium
alcohol + sodium ---> salt + hydrogen
69
Write the word equation for the combustion of alcohol
alcohol + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water
70
Write the word equation for the reaction of alcohol and an oxidising agent
alcohol + oxidising agent ---> carboxylic acid + water
(e.g butanol + potassium permanganate/potassium dichromate ---> butanoic acid + water)
71
Give the result of dissolving alcohol in water
Neutral (pH 7) solution
72
Identify one use of alcohols
Fuels
73
Write the word equation for fermentation
sugar ---> ethanol + carbon dioxide
74
Give three conditions needed for fermentation to happen
- 35°C
- Anaerobic (without oxygen)
- Yeast enzyme catalyst
75
Identify two uses of ethanol
- Alcoholic drinks
- Solvents
76
Write the functional group for carboxylic acids
-COOH
77
Write the suffix for carboxylic acids
-oic acid
78
Name the first 4 carboxylic acids
- Methanoic acid
- Ethanoic acid
- Propanoic acid
- Butanoic acid
79
Give the molecular formula for methanoic acid
CHOOH
80
Give the molecular formula for ethanoic acid
CH₃COOH
81
Give the molecular formula for propanoic acid
C₂H₅COOH
82
Give the molecular formula for butanoic acid
C₃H₇COOH
83
Give the result of reacting carboxylic acid with water
Dissolves to form a weak acid
84
Write the word equation for the reaction of a carboxylic acid with a metal carbonate
carboxylic acid + metal carbonate ---> carbon dioxide + salt + water
(e.g ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate ---> carbon dioxide + sodium ethanoate + water)
85
Write the word equation for the reaction of a carboxylic acid with alcohol
carboxylic acid + alcohol ---> ester
86
Give an example of an ester
ethyl ethanoate
87
State what is needed for a carboxylic acid to react with an alcohol to produce an ester
Acid catalyst
88
Define monomer
Small unsaturated molecule that joins with others to form a polymer
89
Write the prefix for polymers
poly-
90
Name the two types of polymerisation
- Addition polymerisation
- Condensation polymerisation
91
True/False: When drawing a repeating unit from a monomer, the C=C double bond becomes a single bond
True
92
True/False: When drawing a repeating unit for a polymer, the outside C-C bonds do not extend past the brackets
False - the lines must always extend past the brackets
93
True/False: When drawing a repeating unit for alkenes larger than ethene, atoms outside of the C=C bond are condensed into their molecular formula to keep the C=C bond open to repeat
True
94
Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with two ______________
Functional groups
95
Write the general word equation for condensation polymerisation
monomer + monomer ---> polymer + water
(e.g alcohol + carboxylic acid ---> polyester + water
96
Write the word equation for the condensation polymersation reaction between a diol and a dicarboxylic acid
diol + dicarboxylic acid ---> polyester + water
97
Give an example of a naturally occuring monomer
Amino acid
98
Name the two functional groups in the amino acid monomer
- Amine group (-NH₂)
- Carboxyl group (-COOH)
99
Name the polymer made from amino acids reacting through condensation polymerisation
Polypeptide
100
Polypeptides can join together to form _________
Proteins
101
Different combinations of ____________ react together to form different proteins
Amino acids
102
Give four examples of naturally occuring polymers
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Proteins
103
Name the monomer that makes up starch
glucose
104
Name the monomer that males up cellulose
glucose
105
State the purpose of DNA
Encodes genetic information needed for living organisms and viruses to function
106
Describe the structure of DNA
2 polymer chains coiled together in a double helix
107
Name the monomer that makes up DNA
nucleotide
108
Name the three things that a nucleotide is made up of
- Pentose sugar
- Phosphate group (PO₄³⁻)
- Nitrogenous base
109
Name the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA
GACT
- Guanine
- Adenine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
110
Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine
Cytosine
111
Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine
Thymine
112
Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine
Guanine
113
Name the nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine
Adenine
