Paper 2 C10 - Using Resources Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
List 4 things that humans use the Earth’s resouces for
A
- Food
- Shelter
- Warmth
- Transport
2
Q
Name the two types of processes that scientists want to include in sustainable development
A
- Agricultural
- Industrial
3
Q
Identify the role of sustainable development
A
Meets the resource needs of the current generation without compromising future generations
4
Q
Give one characteristic of renewable resources
A
Can be replenished quickly
5
Q
Give one characteristic of finite resources
A
Have a limited supply
6
Q
Name two new methods of extracting copper from low-grade ores
A
- Phytomining
- Bioleaching
7
Q
Explain why phytomining and bioleaching are a better alternative to traditional mining
A
No need to dig, move and dispose lots of rock
—> Use less energy and are less polluting
8
Q
Explain how bioleaching works
A
- Bacteria living on rock produce leachate solution
–> Contains metal ions needed
9
Q
Explain how phytomining works
A
- Plants are grown in soil containing metal compounds
- Plants absorb metal compounds through their roots
- Plants are harvested and burned to form ash
—> Ash contains metal compounds needed
10
Q
Explain how the metal compounds from bioleaching and phytomining are turned into a pure metal
A
Metal compounds are processed and purified
–> Pure metal is collected through electrolysis/displacement reaction
11
Q
Define potable water
A
Water that is safe to drink
12
Q
True/False: Potable water is not pure water
A
True - it contains dissolved substances
13
Q
State why potable water is not pure water
A
It contains dissolved substances
14
Q
Give two sources of fresh water
A
Rainfall
- Rivers
- Lakes
15
Q
Explain how fresh water is turned into potable water
A
- Suitable water source is chosen
- Water from the reservoir is passed through filter beds
- Water is sterilised (using chlorine/ozone/UV light)
16
Q
State why fresh water from reservoirs is sterilised
A
Kills microbes
17
Q
Name the three things that can be used to sterilise fresh water
A
- Chlorine
- Ozone
- UV light
18
Q
State why fresh water from reservoirs is passed through filter beds
A
Removes insoluble solids
19
Q
Name the general process used to obtain potable water when fresh water is limited
A
Desalination
20
Q
Define desalination
A
Removal of salt from a solution
21
Q
Name two techniques used to desalinate sea water
A
- Distillation
- Membranes (e.g reverse osmosis)
22
Q
Explain one disadvantage of desalination
A
Both techniques require lots of energy
—> Makes them expensive
23
Q
List the four main stages of waste water treatment
A
- Screening
- Sedimentation
- Anaerobic & aerobic bacteria digestion
- Sterilisation
24
Q
Explain what happens at the first stage of waste water treatment
A
Screening
Water is screened to remove large pieces (e.g grit)
25
Explain what happens at the second stage of waste water treatment
Sedimentation
Sedimentation tanks contain chemicals that split waste water into sludge and effluent
26
Explain what happens at the third stage of waste water treatment
Anaerobic bacteria digestion
Sludge is broken down by anaerobic bacteria
27
Explain what happens at the fourth stage of waste water treatment
Sterilisation
Water is sterilised with chlorine to kill remaining microbes
28
Identify the 3 stages of the water purification practical
- pH test
- Crystallisation
- Distillation
29
Explain why a pH test is done in the water purification practical
Pure water has a pH of 7
--> pH that is not 7 shows the water contains dissolved acid/alkali
30
True/False: Water with a pH of 7 is pure
False - not all water with a pH of 7 is pure
(but all pure water has a pH of 7)
31
State why water with a pH of 7 does not mean it is pure
Could still contain dissolved solids
32
Write the method to test for dissolved solids in the water purification practical
1. Weigh an empty evaporating basin using a mass balance
2. Fill the basin with the water sample
3. Place basin on tripod and gauze
4. Heat basin with bunsen burner until water evaporates
5. Wait for evaporating basin to cool
6. Weigh evaporating basin again
33
Describe the result in the water purification practical if there are dissolved solids inside the water
The mass of the evaporating basin will increase
34
Write a method to purify the water through distillation in the water purification practical
1. Set up tripod and gauze with bunsen burner underneath
2. Place conical flask with water sample on top with bung and delivery tube attatched
3. Place the delivery tube into a test tube
4. Place the test tube into a beaker of ice water
5. Heat water sample until it evaporates
6. Wait until water collects in the test tube in the beaker
35
State the purpose of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
Assess the environmental impact of products
36
List the four stages of a product's life cycle that an LCA focuses on
1. Extracting and processing raw materials
2. Manufacturing and packaging
3. Use and operation
4. Disposal
37
List two things included in an LCA that isn't mentioned in the four stages
(Environmental impact of:)
- Transport
- Disribution
38
Explain one disadvantage of LCAs
Some information used is hard to measure
--> Can be subjective
---> May be taken advantage of by companies
39
Name two methods used to extract raw materials from the ground
- Mining
- Quarrying
40
List 4 materials made from limited raw materials
- Glass
- Clay ceramics
- Plastic
- Metal
41
List 3 ways to reduce energy use/environmental impact of products
- Use fewer products
- Reuse products
- Recycle products
42
State how glass bottles are reused
Crushed and melted to make different products
43
State how metal is reused
Melted and reformed into different products
44
Explain how recycling metal uses less energy than extracting it
Different metals can be put in a blast furnace together
--> Reduces amount of iron that needs to be extracted
45
Define corrosion
Destruction of materials due to chemical reactions in the environment
46
Give a common example of corrosion
Rusting
47
List three things that react to cause rusting
Iron, air and water
48
Give two ways to stop metal objects from corroding
- Applying a coating (e.g grease or paint)
- Electroplating
49
Explain how electroplating works
1. Uses electrolysis
2. Metal object is placed at cathode
3. Plating metal is placed at anode
4. Metal ions in electrolyte cover the object in a thin layer of the plating metal
50
Define sacrificial protection
Coating a metal in a more reactive metal
51
Give an example of sacrificial protection
Galvanisation (zinc is used to coat iron)
52
Give four examples of alloys
- Brass
- Bronze
- Gold (in jewellery)
- Steel
53
Name the two elements that make brass
Copper and zinc
54
Name the two elements that make bronze
Copper and tin
55
Name the three elements that are mixed with gold in jewellery
Copper, silver and zinc
56
Name the two elements that make steel
Iron and carbon
57
State why pure metals aren't used for everyday use
They are too soft
58
Outline the difference between low carbon steel, high carbon steel and stainless steel
- Low carbon steel; easily shaped
- High carbon steel; hard
- Stainless steels; resistant to corrosion
59
Give one use of low carbon steel
Sheeting
60
Give one use of high carbon steel
Cutting tools
61
Give one use of stainless steel
Cutlery
62
Give one property of aluminium alloys
Low density
63
Give one use of aluminium alloys
Aircraft
64
Name two types of ceramics
- Glass
- Clay
65
Name two types of glass
- Soda-lime glass
- Borosilicate glass
66
Name the three ingredients heated together to create soda-lime glass
- Sand
- Limestone
- Sodium carbonate
67
Name the two ingredients heated together to create borosilicate glass
- Sand
- Boron trioxide
68
Identify which type of glass melts at a higher temperature
Borosilicate glass
69
Explain how clay ceramics are made
- Wet clay is shaped
- Clay is heated in a furnace
70
Give two factors that the properties of polymers depend on
- Which monomer they are made from
- The conditions they are made in
71
Give two factors that the properties of polymers depend on
- Which monomer they are made from
- The conditions they are made in
72
Name the two common types of polyethene
- High Density Polyethene (HDPE)
- Low Density Polyethene (LDPE)
73
Give two properties of HDPE
- Higher melting point
- Harder
74
Give two properties of LDPE
- Low melting point
- Soft
75
Explain why HDPE has a higher melting point than LDPE
Chains are closer together
--> Stronger forces of attraction
76
Outline the difference between thermosetting and thermosoftening polymers when heated
- Thermosetting polymers do not melt
- Thermosoftening polymers melt
77
Explain why thermosoftening polymers melt when heated
Weak intermolecular forces between chains
--> Less energy needed to separate them
78
State why thermosoftening polymers do not melt when heated
Have strong cross-links between polymer chains
--> Hold structure together
79
State what composites are formed from
Fibres/fragments held in a matrix/binder
80
Give three examples of everyday composites
- Fibre-glass
- Wood
- Reinforced concrete
81
Identify the matrix/binder in wood
Lignin
82
Identify the matrix/binder in reinforced concrete
Concrete
83
Identify the matrix/binder in fibreglass
Polymer
84
Identify the fibre/fragment in wood
Cellulose fibres
85
Identify the fibre/fragment in reinforced concrete
Steel
86
Identify the fibre/fragment in fibre-glass
Glass fibres
87
Give another name for fibres/fragments in a composite
Reinforcements
88
Name the molecule that the Haber process is used to manufacture
Ammonia
89
Give one use of ammonia
Nitrogen-based fertilisers
90
Name the raw materials used to make ammonia
Hydrogen and nitrogen
91
Write the chemical formula for ammonia
NH₃
92
State where the materials for ammonia are obtained
- Hydrogen; natural gas
- Nitrogen; air
93
List 3 conditions needed for the Haber process
- High temperature of 450°C
- High pressure of around 200 atmospheres
- Iron catalyst
94
State why some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen
The reaction is reversible
95
Explain the Haber process
1. Nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from natural gas) are pumped through pipes
2. Gases are sent to a compressor where pressure is increased
3. Gases are heated and sent through a tank with an iron catalyst
4. Ammonia is cooled and condensed into liquid
5. Remaining nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
96
Identify the two conditions for the Haber Process that are compromised
- Temperature
- Pressure
97
Explain why temperature is compromised during the Haber Process
- High temperature decreases yield
--> Favours endothermic (backward) reaction
- High temperature increases rate of reaction
--> More kinetic energy leads to more successful collisions
98
Explain why pressure is compromised during the Haber Process
- High pressure increases yield
--> Favours forward reaction where there are less moles
- High pressure requires too much energy
--> Is expensive
99
Write what NPK in NPK fertilisers stands for
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorous
- Potassium
100
Describe what NPK fertilisers are made of
Formulation of salts containing specific percentages of each element
101
State where the ammonium salts and nitric acid needed in NPK fertilisers comes from
Ammonia
102
Name the three ingredients in NPK fertilisers that are obtained through mining
- Potassium chloride
- Potassium sulfate
- Phosphate rock
103
Name the ingredient of NPK fertilisers that cannot be directly used in the fertiliser
Phosphate rock
104
Describe how phosphate rock is treated for use as NPK fertilisers
Treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid
--> Produces soluble salts
105
State why water having a pH of 7 does not mean it is pure
Could still contain dissolved solids
