Paper 2 Caliphs

Question 1

Answer outline for Umars administration

Answer 1

1-intro (quote)
2-majlis e shura (created constitution based on democracy)
3-qazi (judiciary)
4-clean and efficient administration (divided into province-wali and amil)
5-Bait ul maal
6-appointments made in consultation with majlis e shura
7- department of finance (Diwan)
8-new town (Basra,musal,kufa, fustat)
9-teacher,construction,Islamic calender, old age pensions and census of population, police and jails, canal system
10- army (cantonments, cavalry and infantry)

Question 2

Battle of siffin, kharijites, arbitration

Answer 2

1- Ali did not want to fight, avenge murderers of usman, battle of camel, 657AD,37AH,80,000 men at siffin, battle turned into alis favour, amr bin aas , lances, Ali’s army refused to fight, ali agreed for truce, 6 months
2-kharijites-outgoers, separatists, involved in the murder usman and revolt, muawiya raised cry for revenge, muawiya asked for cease fire- they responded to call,in order to support their stand they maintained that they stood for the establishment kr the kingdom of Allah,Abu bakr and Umar, joined people of basra , came to be known as kharijites, opposed idea of arbitration,Ali treated with compassion, went home
3- arbitration 2 men chosen, Ali- Abu musa, amr bin Al aas , 2days after war came for details of arbitration, draft was disaster for Ali, Ali and muawiya both should be disposed, upset the kharijites

Question 3

Four rightly guided caliphs as role models

Answer 3

1-not above anyone (example of Abu bakr)
2-election of Umar and Ali (caliphate not a heroditary concept)
3-bait ul maal
4-qazi courts
5-majlis e shura
6-people we’re free to give their opinion
7- people were free to come to caliphs with their problems
8-followed prophets sunnah and Quran
9- equality

Question 4

Battle of Yarmuk

Answer 4

1-656 AD between Byzantine and Muslims, report about fall of damascus, defeat at fihl and hims, determined to capture Palestine, gathered army, 120,000 against 40,000 Muslims
2-Khalid bin waleed father army, Hazrat usman was in contact, negotiations
3-stick together, battle stared in end of aushuste when Muslims pretended to retreat and lured Byzantine into rough terrain, Byzantine cavalry became separate from infantry, wind, small squadron, army trapped in rugged valley with cliff behind, Khalid bin waleed captured bridge, yaqusa , Christian arabs
4-war strategies, lasted 6 days, 1/3rd Byzantine army gown and only 9000 Muslims dead
5- great victory

Question 5

Hazrat uthmans administration

Answer 5

1-intro
2-100dirhams and garrison cities
3-administrative reforms of Umar like provinces
4-majlis e shura
5-farmers
6-soilitting up authority of provincial governors
7-public work
8-boats
9-army
10-India and Quran

Question 6

Reasons of unrest against Hazrat uth man and events

Answer 6

1-intro
2-appointing inefficient relatives as governors
3-Quran
4-gentle and soft natured(did not keep a check on his governors)
5-gave money from bait ul maal to relatives
EVETNTS
1-three columns left allegedly from pilgrimage came to Makkah settled in the accustomed camping ground not eh dry river beds and the arrival shocked the population into renewal support of caliph
2-deputations were sent
3-deadlock, Hazrat Ali as intermediary and advised Hazrat uth man to replace the governor of egypt abdulkah bin saad, Hazrat Ayesha, Muhammad bin abu bakr was wanted by rebels
4-rebel forces were taken by African slave and letter
5-came back to Madina and denied but then he was killed

Question 7

Election of Ali

Answer 7

-after martyrdom there was anarchy and confusion, before going home the rebels wanted to choose khalifa,difference of opinion, Egyptian and prominent companions asked Ali he declined, then Zubair and talks and they decline and then ansars and then they deflined as well, threatened by rebels to take action, gathered at prophets mosue, leader of Egypt gave quialoty Ali was persuaded by people bait was taken

Question 8

Battle of nehrawan

Answer 8

March 658 Ali was determined to lead army of kufa and Basra, persuaded kharijites , half joined, others started battle sun nearby country sides, Ali dealt with them, Ali’s army was ten times bigger, the fell with battle cry paradise on their lips, spirit in army also died, went back to garrison cities, Ali issued summons for war, response was muted

Question 9

Fall of Egypt

Answer 9

After battle of nehrawan Byzantine emperor took advantage and sent ame to Egypt and the governor of egypt at the time Muhammad hun Abu bakr was governor, Ali opted for fighting and died, 6000 men of Byzantine and the egypt was conquered by Hazrat Umar

Question 10

Battle of camel

Answer 10

1-eary opposition (coming back from pilgrimage, Ali accused on manipulating political strife)
2-Ali became caliph but no peace, ummayads raised cry for revenge, makka and madina supported they requested new Khalid’s
3-reasons why he couldn’t, after restoring peace in Muslims world but this provided opportunity for hyporcrites and mischief makers to spread trouble against Ali
4-talha and Zubair and army
5-both army came to Basra , negotiation , hyporcrites, attack at night , 10,000 men died both side , 40 died protecting Ayesha on her camel , WOI gave order for camel o be brought down , talha and Zubair martyred
6-reconciliation , aisha never participated in politics life’s simple life however this was first civil war and sets example for Muslims