Paper 2 final day Flashcards by Gabriel Foy

Radical substitution (alkane → haloalkane)

Reagent(s): halogen (X2) Condition(s): UV radiation
Reaction type: substitution
General equation: RH + X2 → RX + HX

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Hydrogenation (alkene → alkane)

Reagent(s): hydrogen (H2(g)) Condition(s): Ni catalyst (at 423 K)
Reaction type: addition (also reduction)
General equation: R2C=CR2 + H2 → CHR2CHR2

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Dihalogenation (alkene → dihaloalkane)

Reagent(s): halogen (X2) Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: electrophilic addition (mechanism required)
General equation: R2C=CR2 + X2 → CXR2CXR2

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Halogenation (alkene → haloalkane)

Reagent(s): hydrogen halide (HX) Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: electrophilic addition (mechanism required)
General equation: R2C=CR2 + HX → CHR2CXR2

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Hydration (alkene → alcohol)

Reagent(s): steam (H2O(g)) Condition(s): acid catalyst (H3PO4)
Reaction type: addition
General equation: R2C=CR2 + H2O → CHR2C(OH)R2

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Polymerisation (alkene → poly(alkene)

Reagent(s): alkene monomer Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: addition
General equation: R2C=CR2 → −CR2−CR2−

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Oxidation (primary alcohol → aldehyde or carboxylic acid)

Reagent(s): K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Condition(s): heat and distil (aldehyde); heat under reflux (carboxylic acid)
Reaction type: redox
General equation: RCH2OH + [O] → RCHO + H2O (when distilling to form aldehyde)
RCH2OH + 2[O] → RCOOH + H2O (when refluxing to form carboxylic acid)

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Oxidation (secondary alcohol → ketone)

Reagent(s): K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Condition(s): heat under reflux
Reaction type: redox
General equation: RCH(OH)R + [O] → RCOR + H2O

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Dehydration (alcohol → alkene)

Reagent(s): N/A Condition(s): heat with an acid catalyst (H3PO4 or H2SO4)
Reaction type: elimination
General equation: CHR2C(OH)R2 → R2C=CR2 + H2O

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Substitution (alcohol → haloalkane)

Reagent(s): NaX/H2SO4 Condition(s): heat under reflux
Reaction type: nucleophilic substitution
General equation: ROH + NaX + H2SO4 → RX + NaHSO4 + H2O

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Substitution (haloalkane → alcohol)

Reagent(s): aqueous alkali (NaOH(aq)) Condition(s): heat under reflux
Reaction type: nucleophilic substitution (mechanism required)
General equation: RX + NaOH → ROH + NaX

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Nitration (benzene → nitrobenzene)

Reagent(s): concentrated nitric acid Condition(s): concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and 50C
Reaction type: electrophilic substitution (mechanism required)
General equation: C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

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Halogenation (benzene → halobenzene)

Reagent(s): halogen (X2) Condition(s): halogen carrier catalyst (FeX3 or AlX3)
Reaction type: electrophilic substitution (mechanism required)
General equation: C6H6 + X2 → C6H5X + HX

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Friedel-Crafts alkylation (benzene → alkylbenzene)

Reagent(s): haloalkane Condition(s): halogen carrier catalyst (FeX3 or AlX3)
Reaction type: electrophilic substitution
General equation: C6H6 + RX → C6H5R + HX

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Friedel-Crafts acylation (benzene → acylbenzene)

Reagent(s): acyl chloride Condition(s): halogen carrier catalyst (FeX3 or AlX3)
Reaction type: electrophilic substitution
General equation: C6H6 + RCOCl → C6H5COR + HCl

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Neutralisation (phenol → phenoxide salt)

Reagent(s): strong alkali (NaOH) Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: neutralisation
General equation: C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5ONa + H2O

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Bromination (phenol → 2,4,6-tribromophenol)

Reagent(s): bromine water Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: electrophilic substitution
General equation: C6H5OH + 3Br2 → C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr

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Nitration (phenol → 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol)

Reagent(s): dilute nitric acid Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: electrophilic substitution
General equation: C6H5OH + HNO3 → HOC6H4NO2 + H2O

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Oxidation (aldehyde → carboxylic acid)

Reagent(s): K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or Tollens’ reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) Condition(s): heat
Reaction type: redox
General equation: RCHO + [O] → RCOOH

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What is tollens reagent’s scientific name?

ammoniacal silver nitrate

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Reduction (aldehyde → primary alcohol)

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Reagent(s): NaBH4 Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: nucleophilic addition (mechanism required)
General equation: RCHO + 2[H] → RCH2OH

Reduction (ketone → secondary alcohol)

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Reagent(s): NaBH4 Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: nucleophilic addition (mechanism required)
General equation: RCOR + 2[H] → RCH(OH)R

Nucleophilic addition of HCN (carbonyl → hydroxynitrile)

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Reagent(s): NaCN(aq)/H+
(aq) Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: nucleophilic addition (mechanism required)
General equation: RCHO + HCN → RCH(OH)CN or RCOR + HCN → R2C(OH)CN

Neutralisation (carboxylic acid → carboxylate salt)

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Reagent(s): base Condition(s): N/A
Reaction type: neutralisation
General equation: eg carbonate RCOOH + Na2CO3 → RCOONa + CO2 + H2O
eg metal oxide 2RCOOH + CaO → (RCOO)2Ca + H2O
eg alkali RCOOH + KOH → RCOOK + H2O

Esterification (carboxylic acid → ester)

Reagent(s): alcohol Condition(s): warm with acid catalyst (concentrated H2SO4) Reaction type: condensation General equation: RCOOH + R’OH ⇌ RCOOR’ + H2O

Acid hydrolysis (ester → carboxylic acid)

Reagent(s): aqueous acid Condition(s): heat under reflux Reaction type: hydrolysis General equation: RCOOR’ + H2O ⇌ RCOOH + R’OH

Alkaline hydrolysis (ester → carboxylate salt)

Reagent(s): aqueous alkali Condition(s): heat under reflux Reaction type: hydrolysis General equation: RCOOR’ + NaOH → RCOONa + R’OH

Acyl chloride formation (carboxylic acid → acyl chloride)

Reagent(s): SOCl2 Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: condensation General equation: RCOOH + SOCl2 → RCOCl + SO2 + HCl

Esterification (acyl chloride/acid anhydride → ester)

Reagent(s): alcohol Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: condensation General equation: acyl chloride RCOCl + R’OH → RCOOR’ + HCl acid anhydride RCOOCOR + R’OH → RCOOR’ + RCOOH

Hydrolysis (acyl chloride → carboxylic acid)

Reagent(s): water Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: condensation General equation: RCOCl + H2O → RCOOH + HCl

Amide formation (acyl chloride → amide

Reagent(s): ammonia/amine Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: condensation General equation: RCOCl + R2NH → RCONR2 + HCl or RCOCl + 2R2NH → RCONR2 + R2N +H2Cl−

Neutralisation (amine → ammonium salt)

Reagent(s): acid Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: neutralisation General equation: R3N + H+ → R3NH+

Substitution (haloalkane → amine)

Reagent(s): ammonia Condition(s): excess ammonia in ethanol solvent Reaction type: nucleophilic substitution General equation: RX + NH3 → RNH2 + HX or RX + 2NH3 → RNH2 + NH4X note: secondary and tertiary amines may also form

Reduction of nitrobenzene (nitrobenzene → phenylamine)

Reagent(s): Sn and concentrated hydrochloric acid Condition(s): heat under reflux Reaction type: redox General equation: C6H5NO2 + 6[H] → C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Polyester formation (dicarboxylic acid/diacyl dichloride + diol → polyester)

Reagent(s): dicarboxylic acid/diacyl dichloride + diol Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: condensation General equation: nHOOC−R−COOH + nHO−R’−OH → −(OC−R−COO−R’−O)−n + (2n−1)H2O nClOC−R−COCl + nHO−R’−OH → −(OC−R−COO−R’−O)−n + (2n−1)HCl

Polyamide formation (dicarboxylic acid/diacyl dichloride + diamine → polyamide)

Reagent(s): dicarboxylic acid/diacyl dichloride + diamine Condition(s): N/A Reaction type: condensation

Polyester hydrolysis (polyester → dicarboxylic acid/dicarboxylate salt + diol)

Polyesters will undergo the usual acid and base hydrolysis reactions of an ester

naming of acyl chlorides

-oyl chloride

Polyamide acid hydrolysis (polyamide → dicarboxylic acid + diammonium salt)

Reagent(s): aqueous acid Condition(s): heat Reaction type: hydrolysis

Polyamide alkaline hydrolysis (polyamide → dicarboxylate salt + diamine)

Reagent(s): aqueous alkali Condition(s): heat Reaction type: hydrolysis

Nitrile formation (haloalkane → nitrile)

Reagent(s): haloalkane and NaCN Condition(s): ethanol solvent Reaction type: nucleophilic substitution (mechanism required) General equation: RX + NaCN → RCN + NaX

Nitrile reduction (nitrile → primary amine)

Reagent(s): hydrogen (H2) Condition(s): Ni catalyst Reaction type: addition General equation: RCN + 2H2 → RCH2NH2

Nitrile hydrolysis (nitrile → carboxylic acid)

Reagent(s): dilute aqueous acid Condition(s): heat Reaction type: hydrolysis General equation: RCN + 2H2O + H+ → RCOOH + NH4+

Relative Atomic Mass definition

: the weighted mean mass of an atom compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12.

Atom economy equation

Mr of desired products/Mr of all reactants x100

Empirical Formula definition

: the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

Mole (mol) definition

: the amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 isotope.

Water of Crystallisation definition

water molecules that form part of the crystalline structure of a compound.

Structural Formula:

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. E.g. butane: CH3 (CH2 )2CH3 .

Structural Isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Nucleophile

an electron pair donor

Paper 2 final day Flashcards

(51 cards)