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GCSE Chemistry > Paper 2 Predicted Topics > Flashcards

Paper 2 Predicted Topics Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Dynamic equilibrium occurs in a closed system when the forward and reverse reactions happen at the same rate

This means that even though reactions are ongoing, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

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2
Q

In what type of system does dynamic equilibrium occur?

A

Closed system

A closed system is one where no substances can enter or leave.

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3
Q

What does it mean that a system is dynamic in terms of equilibrium?

A

The reactions continue, but the overall concentrations don’t change

This indicates that while reactions are occurring, they are balanced.

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4
Q

True or False: In dynamic equilibrium, the amounts of reactants and products are always equal.

A

False

The concentrations are stable over time, but they do not have to be equal.

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5
Q

What factors can affect dynamic equilibrium?

A

Changes in temperature, pressure, or concentration

These changes can shift the balance of the reactions.

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6
Q

What does Le Chatelier’s Principle state?

A

If a change is made to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to oppose that change and restore a new equilibrium.

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7
Q

What effect does increasing temperature have on a reaction according to Le Chatelier’s Principle?

A

It favours the endothermic direction.

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8
Q

What happens when temperature is decreased in a system at equilibrium?

A

It favours the exothermic direction.

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9
Q

How does pressure affect reactions involving gases?

A

Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium to the side with fewer gas molecules. Decreasing pressure shifts it to the side with more gas molecules.

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10
Q

What is the effect of increasing the concentration of a reactant?

A

It shifts the equilibrium to make more products.

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11
Q

What occurs when the concentration of a product is increased?

A

It shifts the equilibrium to make more reactants.

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12
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink, but not necessarily pure in the chemical sense.

Potable water may contain dissolved substances like minerals.

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13
Q

What are the two main sources of water in the UK?

A

Surface water (lakes, rivers) and groundwater (aquifers).

These sources are essential for the water supply.

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14
Q

What is the first step in the water treatment process?

A

Filtration.

Filtration removes solids like leaves and dirt.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of sterilisation in water treatment?

A

To kill microbes.

Sterilisation can be done using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light.

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16
Q

True or False: Desalination is primarily used in dry countries.

A

True.

Desalination is often necessary in areas with limited freshwater resources.

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17
Q

What are two methods of desalination?

A

Distillation and reverse osmosis.

These methods are more expensive and energy-intensive.

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18
Q

What is the main goal of waste water treatment?

A

To remove contaminants from water so it can be safely released into the environment or reused

This process ensures environmental safety and resource recovery.

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19
Q

What is the first step in treating sewage or industrial waste water?

A

Screening

Screening removes large objects and grit from the water.

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20
Q

What does the sedimentation process do in waste water treatment?

A

Separates solid sludge from liquid effluent

This step allows for the removal of heavy solids from the water.

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21
Q

What is aerobic digestion?

A

A process that breaks down organic matter in the effluent using bacteria that need oxygen

This is a key step in reducing organic pollutants in water.

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22
Q

What is produced during anaerobic digestion?

A

Biogas (mainly methane) and nutrient-rich waste for fertiliser

This process treats the sludge and recycles nutrients.

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23
Q

True or False: Treating sewage uses more energy than desalination.

A

False

Treating sewage uses less energy than desalination.

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24
Q

How does the number of steps in treating sewage compare to treating fresh water?

A

Treating sewage involves more steps than treating fresh water

This complexity is due to the nature of contaminants in sewage.

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25
What is the turbidity method used for in reaction rate investigation?
Measure the time until a black cross on a tile disappears as the solution goes cloudy ## Footnote This method involves sodium thiosulfate and acid.
26
What does the gas volume method measure?
Collect hydrogen in a gas syringe and record volume over time ## Footnote This method typically uses magnesium ribbon in acid.
27
How does the mass loss method work?
Monitor the mass lost as CO₂ leaves the system ## Footnote An example reaction is CaCO₃ + HCl.
28
What is the relationship between concentration and reaction rate?
Changing concentration → changes rate.
29
What does a steeper initial slope in a volume or mass versus time plot indicate?
The faster the rate.
30
Fill in the blank: The turbidity method involves sodium thiosulfate and _______.
acid
31
True or False: The gas volume method can be used to measure the rate of reaction by collecting gases.
True
32
What substances are involved in the mass loss method?
Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and HCl.
33
What is fractional distillation?
A process that separates a mixture of liquids by heating it to vaporise components at their boiling points.
34
How do vapours behave in fractional distillation?
Vapours rise through a fractionating column.
35
What happens in the cooler layers of a fractionating column?
Vapours with lower boiling points condense higher up in the cooler layers of the column.
36
Where do heavier fractions condense in fractional distillation?
Lower down in the fractionating column.
37
Fill in the blank: Fractional distillation separates a mixture of liquids like _______.
crude oil.
38
What is cracking in hydrocarbon processing?
Breaking larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones using heat and a catalyst.
39
What are the primary products of cracking?
Typically produces petrol and ethene from long-chain alkanes.
40
Why is cracking useful in the petroleum industry?
It increases fuel yield and provides feedstock for polymers.
41
Fill in the blank: Cracking is useful for making _______.
[alkenes]
42
What are the two main components involved in the cracking process?
Heat and catalyst.
43
What type of bond do alkenes have?
C=C double bond ## Footnote Alkenes are characterized by the presence of a double bond between carbon atoms.
44
What is the product of hydrogenation of alkenes?
alkane ## Footnote Hydrogenation involves the addition of hydrogen (H₂) to the alkene.
45
What addition reaction requires an acid catalyst?
hydration ## Footnote Hydration involves the addition of water (H₂O) to form an alcohol.
46
What type of reaction do alkenes undergo in the presence of oxygen?
combustion ## Footnote The combustion of alkenes can produce clean or smoky flames depending on the oxygen supply.
47
Fill in the blank: Alkenes undergo _______ reactions.
addition ## Footnote Addition reactions are a key characteristic of alkenes due to their double bond.
48
What type of monomers participate in condensation polymerisation?
Monomers with two functional groups. ## Footnote These monomers can create polymer chains through reactions that involve the functional groups.
49
What small molecule is typically released during condensation polymerisation?
Water ## Footnote Water is released as a byproduct when bonds are formed between monomers.
50
What types of linkages are formed in polymers through condensation polymerisation?
Ester (-COO-) or amide (-CONH-) linkages ## Footnote These linkages are crucial for the structural integrity of the resulting polymers.
51
In condensation polymerisation, how many water molecules are released per bond formed?
One water molecule ## Footnote The release of water occurs each time a bond is formed between two functional groups.
52
What are proteins?
Amino acid chains (peptide bonds) ## Footnote Proteins perform a variety of functions in organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions and providing structural support.
53
What are DNA and RNA composed of?
Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds ## Footnote DNA and RNA are essential for genetic information storage and transfer in living organisms.
54
What color flame is produced by Lithium in flame tests?
Crimson
55
What color flame is produced by Sodium in flame tests?
Yellow
56
What color flame is produced by Potassium in flame tests?
Lilac
57
What color flame is produced by Calcium in flame tests?
Orange-red
58
What color flame is produced by Copper²⁺ in flame tests?
Green-blue
59
What gas is produced when Carbonates react with HCl?
CO₂ gas
60
What happens to limewater when CO₂ gas is bubbled through it?
Turns milky
61
What precipitate forms when Sulfates are acidified and reacted with barium chloride?
White barium sulfate precipitate
62
What color precipitate forms with Chloride when reacted with acidified silver nitrate?
White
63
What color precipitate forms with Bromide when reacted with acidified silver nitrate?
Cream
64
What color precipitate forms with Iodide when reacted with acidified silver nitrate?
Yellow
65
What is used to confirm soluble precipitate in Halide tests?
Ammonia
66
What is the balanced chemical equation for the Haber Process?
N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ ## Footnote The reaction is exothermic with a ΔH of –92 kJ.
67
What type of reaction is the Haber Process?
Exothermic ## Footnote This means it releases heat.
68
What is the optimal temperature for the Haber Process?
Approximately 450 °C ## Footnote This temperature is chosen for a balance between yield and reaction rate.
69
What pressure is typically used in the Haber Process?
Approximately 200 atm ## Footnote Higher pressure favors the product side of the equilibrium.
70
What role does the iron catalyst play in the Haber Process?
It speeds up the reaction without affecting equilibrium ## Footnote Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.
71
Fill in the blank: The Haber Process involves the reaction of nitrogen (N₂) and hydrogen (H₂) to produce _______.
NH₃ (ammonia) ## Footnote Ammonia is a key compound used in fertilizers.
72
What is carbon monoxide and its effect?
Binds to haemoglobin → suffocation ## Footnote Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by combustion processes.
73
What are nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and their impacts?
Acid rain, respiratory issues ## Footnote Nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of smog and are harmful to human health.
74
What is sulfur dioxide and its effects?
Acid rain, respiratory damage ## Footnote Sulfur dioxide is primarily produced by burning fossil fuels and can lead to significant environmental issues.
75
What are particulates and their consequences?
Lung damage, global dimming ## Footnote Particulates are tiny particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and affect air quality.
76
What is chromatography?
A technique used to separate mixtures and identify substances, especially useful for analysing dyes or inks.
77
What is the first step in paper chromatography?
Placing a small spot of mixture (like ink) on chromatography paper.
78
What happens to the chromatography paper during the process?
The bottom of the paper is dipped into a solvent (like water or ethanol).
79
How do substances in the mixture behave during chromatography?
They move at different speeds depending on their solubility in the solvent and their attraction to the paper.
80
What is the stationary phase in chromatography?
The chromatography paper (it stays still).
81
What is the mobile phase in chromatography?
The solvent (it moves through the paper).
82
What is the Rf value?
Rf = distance moved by substance ÷ distance moved by solvent.
83
What is the maximum value of Rf?
Always less than 1.
84
What does a consistent Rf value indicate?
The same compound always has the same Rf in the same solvent.
85
How can chromatography be used to identify substances?
By comparing Rf values and colors of spots with known substances.
86
What does it suggest if two spots have the same Rf and color as known substances?
They are likely to be the same compound.
87
What is meant by the solvent front in chromatography?
How far the solvent travels up the paper.
88
Why should a pencil line be used to draw the baseline?
Because ink would dissolve in the solvent.
89
Where must the sample be placed in relation to the solvent level?
Above the solvent level so it doesn’t dissolve into the solvent directly.
90
What happens to the equilibrium if the forward reaction is endothermic?
The equilibrium will shift to the right (more products made). ## Footnote Endothermic reactions absorb heat, causing the system to favor product formation at equilibrium.
91
What occurs to the equilibrium in an exothermic reaction?
The equilibrium will shift to the left (more reactants made). ## Footnote Exothermic reactions release heat, which leads to a decrease in the yield of the desired product.
92
Fill in the blank: If the forward reaction is ______, the equilibrium will shift to the right.
[endothermic]
93
Fill in the blank: If the forward reaction is ______, the equilibrium will shift to the left.
[exothermic]
94
What do alkenes contain?
A carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) ## Footnote Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons characterized by at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
95
What happens when a halogen is added to an alkene?
The double bond breaks and each carbon forms a new single bond with a halogen atom ## Footnote This reaction is part of the electrophilic addition mechanism where alkenes react with halogens.
96
True or False: Alkenes are non-reactive due to their double bond.
False ## Footnote Alkenes are actually reactive because of the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond.
97
What are the 4 naturally occurring polymers?
Starch Cellulose DNA Proteins
98
What is starch made from?
Glucose
99
What is cellulose made from?
Glucose
100
What are proteins made from?
Amino Acids
101
What is DNA made from?
Nucleotides
102
What does each nucleotide consist of?
Sugar Phosphate Base
103
Process of catalytic cracking?
- Heat and Vaporise - Heat powdered AlO catalyst - Hydrocarbons passed over catalyst. - Long hydrocarbons chains break down into smaller chains. - Break down using heat (thermal decomposition)
104
Process of steam cracking?
Start with long chain hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons vapors mix with steam under high pressure and temperature Broken down to shorter hydrocarbons.
105
Process of fractional distillation?
Bottom is hotter, top is cooler of fractionating column. Crude oil heated Hydrocarbons evaporate Hydrocarbon condenses
106
Process of fractional distillation?
Bottom is hotter, top is cooler of fractionating column. Crude oil heated Hydrocarbons evaporate Hydrocarbon condenses Short hydrocarbon have lower boiling points so condense at the top. Long hydrocarbons have higher boiling points which condense at the bottom. Bitumen is the longest hydrocarbon which remains liquid as it is the longest chain.
107
Rate of Reaction (Precipitation Practical)
Add sodium thiosulfate to HCL Conical flask over white paper with cross Check precipitate forming Stop timer when you can’t see cross Repeat with different concentration of HCL Plot graph
108
Rate of Reaction (Volume of Gas)
Place HCI and Mg in conical flask and close with a bung. Attach gas syringe (fully pushed so no gas escapes). Measure volume of gas produced over a given time. Plot gas produced (cm^3) against time on a graph. Reaction is complete from time to time when no more gas is produced. Repeat with different variables and compare rates.

GCSE Chemistry (20 decks)

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