Paper 2 questions to go over Flashcards
(10 cards)
Explain three factors which influence fertility rates
Demographic: infant mortality rate so a need to have more children to ensure some survive to adulthood
Social/cultural: tradition, literacy, the education of women, religion
Economic: children as asset or as burden, female employment, financial incentives linked to population policy
Environmental: food supply
Political: population policy pro-natalist or anti-natalist, empowerment of women
Suggest reasons why the total population of some cities is decreasing
Social, economic, environmental and political push and pull factors related to counter-urbanisation, the attracting of living environments which are perceived as better outside the city. A decline in fertility and drop in natural increase rate. High costs, decline in inner city employment, improved transport and internet. Conflict and more urban crime. Increased urban pollution. Government decentralisation policies, regeneration
Describe changes to the death rate in the DTM
Rapid fall in stage 2
Slow fall in stage 3
Low in stage 4
Increasing slightly in stage 5
Suggest reasons for the DTM changes in death rate
Periodic famines in stage 1 then better nutrition in stage 2 following improved food production and transport
Poor hygiene, few doctors or hospitals and outbreaks of disease in stage 1 then from stage 2 onwards clean water, efficient sewerage system and improved medial care
Increased standard of living
Consequence of the age structure of an ageing population
Advantages of using the DTM to predict future population changes
Developed through observation of North America and countries in Western Europe
Can be observed actually happening in countries like South Korea
Shows changes through time
Can be used to predict what will happen in countries going through the same dates
Disadvantages of using the DTM to predict future population changes
Eurocentric and based on past events
Assumes that in time all countries pass through the same 4 stages
Not relevant for non-industralised countries
Stage 5 had to be added to account for decline in natural increase rate
Religious and political influences can affect birth rates
War, famine, natural disasters and epidemics can affect death rates
Doesn’t take into account migration
Timescale is much more concentrated than original model
Describe how obstacles, barriers and distance may influence the volume of internal migration
Migration volume tends to decrease with distance from source
Natural obstacles and barriers tend to reduce volume or funnel migration along particular routes
The influence of some obstacles may vary with the nature of the migrant or level of development of the area
Obstacles placed by authorities
Explain why pull factors in internal migration are often perceived rather than real
Availability of information and distortion by media or governments
Social distance so information and feedback gets distorted
Contacts as destination may exaggerate
Time lag in information os it is out of date
Push factors are so great that migrants don’t care
Causes of residential segregation in urban areas
Physical: space, relief, drainage, south facing, views
Economic: income, house types, jobs, transport
Social: priorities, ethnic clustering, discrimination
Political: land use zoning, planning, social housing
Historical: old colonial pattern
Processes of residential segregation in urban areas
Core/periphery processes such as spread
Cycles of decline and growth
Social and political issues
Housing policy
Gradual change in character
Degeneration, regeneration and gentrification
