Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pyschology > Paper 2: Section A - Approaches > Flashcards

Paper 2: Section A - Approaches Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt approach ?

A

Structuralism: attempt to uncover hidden structures of the mind by describing it in terms of most simplistic definable components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt’s method and the process of it ?

A

Introspection: examining own thought process

Process:
1. Participant trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possible
2. Participants asked to focus on sensory object
3. Participants systematically report their experiences of the object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did Wundt open the first lab for psychology ?

A

1879
Leipzig, Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the impact Wundt had on psychology ?

A
  • His work legitimised psychology as a scientific discipline
  • He established lots of psychological schools of thought and methodologies
  • Inspired future psychologist
  • Authored one of the first Pyschology books
  • Trained psychologist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Wundts approach ?

A

Strengths:
- shifted psychology from philosophy to rigorous science via controlled environments and standardised procedures and testing hypothesis’s
- Method of introspection still used today, Griffiths (1994) used to study gamblers cognitive processes when playing

Weaknesses:
- introspection has limited explanatory power as can’t report unconscious factors
- introspection produce subjective data so difficult to establish general principles and replicate reliably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who criticised Wundt’s approach ?

A

Behaviourists
- argued scientific psychology should focus on observable phenomena, not mental processes
- Nisbett and Wilson say many aspects of our minds are outside of our conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Freud’s approach ?

A

Psychodynamic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Freud’s model of the mind consist of ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Conscious mind
Pre conscious
Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the conscious mind ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A
  • Consist of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that are within our awareness
  • Allows for rational thinking, decision making and deliberate actions based on current perceptions and thoughts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the pre conscious mind ?
(Psychodynamic approach)

A
  • Acts as a storage unit for memories and info that aren’t conscious but are readily accessible for conscious when needed
  • Aids problem solving, remembering info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the unconscious mind ?
(Psychodynamic approach)

A
  • Largest and most influential part of mind
  • contains thoughts, desires, memories, emotions that are repressed or beyond conscious awareness
  • operate according to pleasure principle
  • stores hidden motives, fear, unresolved conflicts
  • seeks gratification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What consists of the tripartite personality ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Id
Ego
Superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the ID ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Definition:
- Primitive and instinctual part of mind
- Located on pleasure principle
- Seeks immediate gratification of its needs, desires and impulses

Characteristic:
- Unconscious and present from birth
- No thought about consequences a
- Driven by biological drives, hunger, thirst, sexual impulses

Role:
- Satisfy basic urges and needs
- Impulse conflicts with societal norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s the ego ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Definition:
- rational, decision making part of personality
- located on reality principle
- mediates between ID, superego and external world

Characteristics:
- develop gradually in infancy and early childhood
- considers societal norms before acting
- seek to satisfy ID in realistic and socially acceptable way

Role:
- help individuals navigate cerebral world and balance conflicting demands of id and superego while striving to achieve realistic and socially acceptable goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the superego ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Definition:
- represent internalised societal and parental standards
- developed from moral values and ethical standards from caregivers and society
- located on morality principle

Characteristic:
- form around age 5-6
- rewards and punishes our behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is free association ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A
  • Psychoanalysis technique
  • patient encouraged to verbalise whatever thoughts come to mind with no censorship or filtering
  • allow unconscious thoughts to emerge
  • ain’t to uncover repressed memories, desires and conflicts
  • therapist listen carefully and notes recurring themes, Freudian slips and inconsistencies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s dream analysis ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A
  • Psychoanalysis technique
  • reveal hidden desires and are symbolic
  • aim to interpret hidden content of dreams
  • patient says their dreams and therapist decodes it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’re are the four psychosexual stages of development ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A
  1. Oral stage (birth-1yr)
  2. Anal stage (1-3yr)
  3. Phallic stage (3-6yr)
  4. Latency stage(6-puberty)
  5. Genital stage (puberty onwards)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two complexes are in phallic stage ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Oedipus
Electra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the Oedipus complex ?
(Psychodynamic approach)

A
  1. Boy develop unconscious sexual desire towards mother
  2. Boy fear father coz he more powerful lead to castration anxiety
  3. Resolve this anxiety boy gives up love to mother and identifies with father
  4. Adopting male characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the electra complex ?
(Psychodynamic approach)

A
  1. Girl aware she has no penis, believe she’s been castrated and blames mother and sees herself and mother as powerless
  2. Girl is penis envy leading her to desire her father because he has want she wants
  3. Girl fear she lose connection to mother so shifts desire to having a baby instead of having a penis
  4. Adopts female characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are defence mechanisms ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Strategies individual unconsciously do to protect themselves from anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some examples of defence mechanisms ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A

Repression: unconsciously pushing unwanted memories or desires out of awareness

Displacement: redirecting an impulse from its original target to a more acceptable or less threatening target

Denial: refusing to acknowledge an aspect of reality that’s emotionally distressing

Projection: attributing unconscious or unacceptable thoughts to another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s transference analysis ? (Psychodynamic approach)

A
  • Patient project feelings and attitudes they have towards someone onto therapist
  • Help gain insight into patients relational patterns and unresolved conflicts from past relationships
  • therapists observe and discuss the emotions and behaviours the patient directs towards them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What’s the role of the unconscious ? (Psychodynamic approach)
1. Motivating force behind behaviour 2. Protects conscious self from anxiety/fear/trauma
26
What’re the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach ?
Strength: - little hans case study supports developmental stages and Oedipus complex - support for defence mechanisms: William interview women who experienced sexual assault 38% didn’t recall those that did 16% said they repressed or forgotten it Weakness: Methods used are ungeneralisable (case studies)
27
What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach ?
1. Focus on observable behaviour 2. Objectivity is applied through laboratory studies 3. All behaviour is learned 4. Tabula rasa: no one born with innate idea on behaviours they learn from experiences
28
What’s classical conditioning ? (Behaviourist approach)
- Learning through association - Associating a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one to elicit a conditioned response
29
What was the procedure of Ivan Pavlov’s research on dogs ? (Behaviourist approach)
1. Dog salivated at food but not the bell 2. Bell and food where put together dog salivated 3. Bell rang on its own dog salivated Conclusion: Dog associated food with the bell
30
31
What was the Little Albert experiment? (Behaviourist approach)
1.cry at the loud noise but not at the mouse 2. Mouse and loud noise out together he cried 3. Mouse on its own he cried
32
What are strengths and weaknesses of classical conditioning ? (Behaviourist approach)
Strengths: - deterministic allows us to predict behaviour - evidence for CC with studies from Pavlov dogs to little albert Weaknesses: - research in this area limited: Pavlov used dogs so not generalisable and little Albert study wasn’t done longitudinally - most research lack ecological validity due to being in lab conditions
33
What’s operant condition my ? (Behaviourist approach)
Learning through consequence
34
What are the four types of consequences ? (Behaviourist approach)
- Positive reinforcement: something is added to increase likelihood of a behaviour - Negative reinforcement: something is removed to increase likelihood of behaviour - Positive punishment: something added to decrease likelihood of behaviour - Negative reinforcement: something is removed to decrease likelihood of behaviour
35
What’s was Skinner’s research ? (Behaviourist approach)
1. Placed a rat in cage with a lever that if pressed released food. Rat eventually figured this out and every time it hungry it presses it - positive reinforcement 2. Rat placed in cage with electric current running through and a lever that if pressed stops it. rat learned this and pressed everytime the current passed through - negative reinforcement
36
37
What are the strengths and weaknesses when evaluating operant conditioning ? (Behaviourist approach)
Strengths: - deterministic: predictions can be made which can lead to prevention - reductionist: more scientific due to lab conditions increasing reliability and interval validity Weaknesses: - environmental determinism: ignores free will, human and animals seen as passive machines
38
Who proposed the social learning theory ?
Albert Bandura Behaviour is learned through experience
39
What are the assumptions of SLT ?
1. Learning through experience 2. Behaviour influenced by role models and identification 3. Behaviour comes from mediational processes
40
What is modelling ? (SLT)
Behaviour is carried out by role model
41
What’s identification ? (SLT)
Observer is similar to role model ( characteristics, gender, appearance )
42
What’s vicarious reinforcement? (SLT)
Learning through consequence of others actions
43
What’s mediational processes ? (SLT)
The importance of mental processing in learning 4 processes
44
What are the 4 mediational processes? (SLT)
1. Attention - noticing behaviour of others 2. Retention - remembering what was observed 3. Reproduction - ability to perform behaviour 4. Motivation - desire to perform behaviour (influenced by if behaviour was rewarded or punished)
45
What were the key findings of Bandura’s bobo doll ? (SLT)
1. Children who observed aggressive model imitated aggressive behaviour than those who didn’t observe aggressive model 2. Girls in a aggressive model condition more physically aggressive if model was male but more verbal if model was female 3. Boys more likely to imitate same sex models than girls. More physically aggressive acts than girls
46
What were the key findings of Bandura and Walter’s ? (SLT)
- 4 conditions: live, filmed, cartoon aggression and a control group - introduced vicarious reinforcement: child observed models being rewarded punished or no consequences for aggressive behaviour - child imitated when aggressive model was rewarded and less when punished - children observed aggressive models more likely to imitate behaviour than control group - highest aggression occurred with live or filmed models
47
What are the strengths and weaknesses of SLT on explanation of behaviour ?
Strengths: - base of empirical evidence: banduras study - explain cultural variations in behaviour - reciprocal determinism: we aren’t just influenced by environment we also influence it Weakness: - lack eco and internal validity due to lab studies - reductionist: ignore bio factors
48
What is the humanistic approach ?
- Referred to as the third force - unique nature of human beings and their inherent drive towards growth and self actualisation
49
What’s free will. ? (Humanistic approach)
Ability to make choices and take control over our actions
50
What’s self actualisation ? (Humanistic approach)
Process of realising one’s full potential and becoming best version of oneself
51
What is Maslow’s heirarchy of needs ? (Humanistic approach)
1. Self actualisation 2. Self esteem needs 3. Social needs / love and belonging 4. Safety needs 5. Physiological needs
52
What are classed as basic needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Psychological and safety needs
53
What are classed as psychological needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Social needs / love and belonging Self esteem needs
54
What are classed as self fulfilment needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Self actualisation
55
What are deficiency needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Arise from deprivation - physiological needs - safety needs - social needs - self esteem needs Must be satisfied to avoid feelings of discomfort or anxiety
56
What are physiological needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Fundamental survival needs Food, water, shelter
57
What are safety needs ? (Humanistic approach)
- Achieved when physiological needs have been met - to seek safety and security - protection from physical and psychological harm
58
What are social need ? (Humanistic approach)
Achieved when safety needs have been met Desire to form relationships and feel a sense of belonging
59
What are self esteem needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Achieved when social needs have been met Desire for self respect and respect from others
60
What’s self fulfilment needs ? (Humanistic approach)
Self actualisation Achieved when self esteem needs are met Realising one’s full potential
61
What did Carl rogers propose ? (Humanistic approach)
FOCUS ON THE SELF: Self concept: view person has of themselves Self esteem: how much value we place on ourselves Ideal self: person we aspire to be CONGRUENCE: Congruence: alignment of self concept and ideal self Incongruence: gap between self concept and ideal self CONDITIONS OF WORTH: Conditions of worth: conditions imposed by other which individuals need to meet to feel valued (negative impact on self esteem) Unconditioned positive regard: individual valued without conditions attached to their behaviour
62
What is person centred therapy ? (Humanistic approach)
Aka client centred therapy Creates on environment where client feels valued and heard Aimed to restore congruence 3 concepts of PCT: - empathy: understanding the clients perspective - unconditional positive regard: accepting client without judgement - genuineness: being open and honest with client
63
What are the strengths and weakness’s of the humanistic approach ?
Strengths: Holistic - more valid explanation of behaviour Influential in terms of counselling and educational and occupational therapy Idiographic approach - focus on subjective experience so valuable to understanding the individual Weakness: Lack empirical evidence - reject scientific principles, rely on anecdotal observations Used qual data so hard to compare and less objective and accurate so difficult to repeat
64
What’s the cognitive approach ?
- Focus on how people perceive, process and store info - Emphasises study of internal mental processes: perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving - Uses inference to draw conclusion abt the way mental process work by making assumptions based on observable behaviour
65
What’re internal mental processes ? (Cognitive approach)
- How we process info in our minds - Include perception attention memory language and problem solving - They’re studied through experiment and then inferences are made
66
What’s a schema ? (Cognitive approach)
- Mental structures - Help organise and interpret info efficiently - Acts as frameworks based on last experiences that shape how we perceive future situations
67
What’re theoretical and computer models ? (Cognitive approach)
THEORETICAL: - Represented as flow charts - Show how info is processed in stages COMPUTER: - use analogy of the brain as a computer - human process is similar to computer: input, storage and output - known as info processing approach - used to u dertsand how brain processes vast amount of data
68
What’re the benefits of schemas ? (Cognitive approach)
- help us interpret new info so we don’t get overwhelmed - allow us to process large amounts of info quite quickly - help us understand what happens next based on experience
69
What’s the biological approach
- Believe all psychological processes have a physiological basis. - Thoughts feelings behaviours are influenced by genes, biological structures, neurochemical processes
70
what’re genes ? (Biological approach)
- made of sequence of DNA - basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child - code for physical feature’s of organism
71
What are concordance rates in genetic research ? (Biological approach)
- Measures likelihood that genetically related individuals share same trait - High rate suggest strong genetic influence - Low rate suggest environmental factors play larger role
72
What are the way of studying genetics ? (Biological approach)
TWIN STUDIES: compare identical and non identical twins to estimate heritability of traits FAMILY STUDIES: examine trait across generations to assess genetic and environmental influences ADOPTION STUDIES: analyse traits in adopted individuals to separate genetic and environmental effects CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES: focus on specific genes believed to influence traits and behaviours
73
What’re genotype and phenotype ? (Biological approach)
GENOTYPE: individuals genetic makeup - genes inherited from parents PHENOTYPE: observable characteristics of an individual. Results from interaction between genotype and environment
74
What’re neurons ? (Biological approach)
- Specialised nerve cells - transmit info throughout body in form of electrical and chemical signals
75
What’re neurotransmitters ? (Biological approach)
- chemical messengers - transmit signal between neurons
76
77
What’s the theory of evolution ? (Biological approach)
Gradual process in change of species over time due to genetic variation and natural selection Result in developing traits that enhance survival
78
What is natural selection ? (Biological approach)
Mechanism of evolution Proposed by Charles Darwin Occur when individual with advantageous traits more likely to survive and reproduce
79
What are the strengths and weaknesses of biological approach ?
Strengths: - experimental methods used make approach scientific - allow for wide variety of treatments and preventions due to biological explanation of behaviour Weakness: - reductionist - simplified complex behaviours to biological factors - deterministic - lack of control over our own behaviour
80

Pyschology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions