PAPER 2 - Urban Issues & Challenges Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
What is urbanisation?
What are the 2 causes of urbanisation?
A
The increase in the proportion of people living in cities.
- rural to urban migration
- natural increase (birth rate is higher than death rate)
2
Q
What are the push factors of rural to urban migration?
A
- farming is difficult & poorly paid
(worsened by desertification) - school only provide basic education
- poor roads make the rural areas isolated
- war & conflict
3
Q
What are the pull factors of rural to urban migration?
A
- higher paying job opportunities
- family and friends already living there
- better education
- better medical facilities
- better public transport
- range of entertainment
4
Q
What are the three types of mega cities?
A
Slow growing:
- 70% urban
- almost no squatter settlements
- e.g. Moscow, Tokyo, LA
Growing:
- 40-50% urban
- under 20% squatter settlements
- e.g. Beijing, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro
Rapid growing:
- under 50% urban
- over 20% squatter settlements
- e.g. Mumbai, Lagos, Jakarta
5
Q
What is the national importance of Rio?
A
- Former capital of Brazil
- Brazilās 2nd most important industrial centre
- Produces 5% of Brazilās GDP
- Manufacturing Industries - clothing, pharmacy, furniture, processed foods
- Service Industries- banking, finance, insurance
6
Q
What is the international importance of Rio?
A
- Main exports = coffee, sugar, iron ore
- One of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere
- āChrist the redeemerā statue
- The 2016 Olympic Games and 2014 World Cup matches
7
Q
What is the regional importance of Rio?
A
- Manufacturing Industries - clothing, pharmacy, furniture, processed foods
- Service Industries- banking, finance, insurance
8
Q
How is healthcare a social challenge in Rio?
A
- Life expectancy in the west: 45
- health care is not free
- only 55% have a local family health clinic
- limited services for pregnant women (especially in the west zone)
- infant mortality rate: 21 per 1000
9
Q
How is healthcare a social opportunity in Rio?
A
Health care specialists went into favelas
- treated 20 different diseases
- lowered death rate
- lowered infant mortality rate
10
Q
How is education a social challenge in Rio?
A
- low enrolment due to shortage of schools and teachers
- education is compulsory ages 6-14
- only 50% of children continue with education after the age of 14
- many drop out to join gangs and sell drugs
11
Q
How is education a social opportunity in Rio?
A
- private university opened in Rochina favela
- school grants for poor families to send their children to school
- people encouraged to volunteer in local schools
- free childcare for teen parents to continue education
12
Q
How is water supply a social challenge in Rio?
A
- 12% people donāt have access to clean water
- 37% of all water is lost due to leakage from burst pipes
13
Q
How is water supply a social opportunity in Rio?
A
- 300km of new pipes laid out
- 7 new treatment plans built to improve water quality
- in 2014, 95% of Rio had mains water supply
14
Q
How is energy supply a social challenge in Rio?
A
- frequent blackouts
- many people in favelas illegally tap into the mains supply which is dangerous
15
Q
How is energy supply a social opportunity in Rio?
A
- 60km of power lines installed
- nuclear generators built
- hydro-electric complex built to increase supply by 30% (took 6 years and cost US $2 billion)
16
Q
How is unemployment an economic challenge in Rio?
A
- 2015 recession increased unemployment
- unemployment rate is 20% in favelas - (11% higher than national average)
- 35% of jobs are in the informal sector which unreliable and poorly paid
- $2-3 billion lost per year due to crime
17
Q
How is unemployment an economic opportunity in Rio?
A
- the schools of tomorrow programme aims to provide education in poor and violent areas
- courses available for adults who left education to continue studies
- Rio provides 6% of all employment in Brazil
- Rio has one of the highest income per head in the country
18
Q
How is crime an economic challenge in Rio?
A
- robbery, murder and kidnapping occur regularly
- gangs control drug trafficking in favelas
- murder rate: 20 per 100,000
- distrust in police due to extreme violence
19
Q
How is crime an economic opportunity in Rio?
A
- pacifying police units established in 2013 to take control of favelas from gangs
- crime rates have lowered
- property value has increased
- tourism (which is 7.5% of Rioās GDP) has grown
20
Q
What are the physical environmental challenges in Rio?
A
- mountains limit building space and make development of an effective transport system difficult and costly
- eutrophication and algae blooms in the Lagoa Rodrigo channel, reducing bio diversity
- squatter settlements built on hillsides are prone to to landslips
21
Q
What are the human environmental challenges in Rio?
A
- heavy pollution in the bay due to urbanisation and industrialisation
- smog (air pollution) caused by slow moving traffic
- dereliction due to de-industrialisation of heavy industries such as steel
- huge areas of squatter settlements (around 40% of Rioās population)
22
Q
How is traffic congestion an environmental challenge in Rio?
A
- the most congested city in South America
- car ownership has increased by 40% in the last decade
- steep mountains so roads can only be built on coastal lowlands
- high crime rate causes people to prefer travelling by car
- increased congestion due to unreliable cars
23
Q
How is traffic congestion an environmental opportunity in Rio?
A
- expansion of the metro to encourage use of public transport
- new toll roads into the city to reduce car usage
- coastal roads made one-way during rush hour to reduce congestion
24
Q
How is water pollution an environmental challenge in Rio?
A
- over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pour into the Guanabara bay each day. (50% of that is industrial waste)
- many of the 55 rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted
- the pollution has caused commercial fishing to decline by 90% over 20 years
25
How is water pollution an environmental opportunity in Rio?
- 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed
- ships are fined for dumping fuel into the Guanabara bay
- 12 new sewage works have been built since 2014 (costing US $68 million)
26
How is waste pollution an environmental challenge in Rio?
- favelas are built on steep slopes with now proper roads, making access for waste collection lorries difficult
- most waste is dumped and pollutes water
- contaminated water causes diseases (like cholera) to spread and rats become an issue
27
How is waste pollution an environmental opportunity in Rio?
- a power plant that uses methane gas from rotting rubbish set up new at the university of Rio
ā³ it consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day
ā³ enough electricity is created to power 1000 homes
28
What are the reasons for growth of favelas in Rio?
Rural to urban migration:
ā³ people in drought hit rural areas moved to Rio for a better life
ā³ not enough housing for everyone
Natural increase:
ā³ many migrants are young adults so the birth rates are high
29
What are the challenges of squatter settlements?
Unemployment
Crime
Construction
Services
Health
30
What are the successes of the favela bairro project?
- paved and formally named roads
- hillsides secured to prevent landslides
ā³ people re located where necessary
- access to water supply and drainage system
- installed a cable car system across the complex de Alemao hillside
ā³ inhabitants given free return tickets daily
- access to credit
- 100% mortgages (no deposit required)
- UPP - police pacifying unit
ā³ set up to reduce crime by patrolling the community
31
What were the failures of the favela bairro project?
- budget of US $1 billion may not cover every favela
- newly built infrastructure not being maintained
ā³ residents lack skills and resources to make repairs
- more training needed to improve literacy & employment
- rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off
32
What is population density?
- Sparse?
- Dense?
Population density
= amount of people per square km
Sparse: low population in an area
Dense: high population in an area
33
What mid the population distribution of the UK
34
Why have certain cities in the UK grown over time?
Industry
Natural resources
Capital = politics
Coast = Trade
35
What are the ethnicities in Birmingham?
56% White British - majority
14% Asian Pakistani - 2nd largest
1% Asian Chinese - minority
36
What is the regional significance of Birmingham?
Employs over 100,000 people in the engineering and manufacturing industry
The city has undergone substantial redevelopment such as Bull Ring and Brindley Palace
Several famous brands are based in Birmingham (such as Birdās Custard, Cadbury, and HP sauce)
Second largest Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Muslim, communities
37
What is the national significance of Birmingham?
New Street Station is the busiest station outside London. The development of HS2 will increase its rail connections.
Second largest economy in the UK, with a GDP of over US$120 billion
Has 6 universities, making it the largest centre of education in the UK
38
What is the international significance of Birmingham?
Ninth most populated area in Europe
12,000 international students have relocated to Birmingham
4th most visited city in the uk by international tourists
Birmingham airport offers many international flights, even having a runway extension to cope with the increase
In 1791, Birmingham was the āfirst manufacturing town in the worldā and is the birthplace of the steam engine
39
Why has there historically been migration in Birmingham
National:
Birmingham, as an industrial hub, attracted many workers from across the UK.
Post-war:
People from the commonwealth arrived after WW2 for economic opportunities and to help rebuild the country
Formation of neighbourhoods - different groups settled in specific areas
E.g. the Irish community established a presence in Digbeth which lead to the largest st. Patrickās day parade in the UK.
40
How has migration had an impact on the character of Birmingham: festivals
**Jazz festival (since 1985)**
- local & international artists
- takes place in various venues across the city
**Birmingham Caribbean festival**
- colours, music, dance, cuisine
**Birmingham pride**
- one of the largest celebrations of LGBTQ+ in the UK
41
How has migration had an impact on the character of Birmingham: food
**Balti triangle**
- located around Sparkbrook and Mosley
- home to Indian & Pakistani food
- Birmingham is the birthplace of Balti curry
**Birmingham German Christmas market**
42
What are the social opportunities in Birmingham?
ā¢ youngest population in Europe
ā¢ 6 universities & more than 60,000 students
ā¢ largest library in Europe
ā¢ art galleries with 2000+ exhibits
ā¢ Birmingham Hippodrome is the most visited theatre in the UK
ā¢ Bull ring shopping centre has over 160 shops & 750,000 visitors every week
43
What are the economic opportunities in Birmingham?
ā¢ bullring is home to all of the UKās largest department stores
ā¢ over 28,000 job vacancies
ā¢ transport links: Birmingham airport, 3 train stations, HS2, & roads (e.g. M6)
ā¢ home to the largest number of new business startups outside London
ā¢ HSBC UK headquarters in Birmingham employs 2500 people
44
What are the environmental opportunities in Birmingham?
ā¢ āBirmingham green visionā = plan by the council to increase the amount of green space (urban greening)
ā¢ East side city park opened in 2013 - a 6 acre green space
ā¢ increased encouragement of walking & cycling through Network West Midlands (new metros & electric buses)
ā¢ canals cleaned across the city & tow paths upgraded to encourage cycling & walking
45
What are examples of urban challenges?
ā¢ urban deprivation & social inequality
ā¢ housing inequality
ā¢ derelict buildings / brownfield sites
ā¢ waste pollution
ā¢ air pollution
ā¢ traffic congestion
ā¢ urban sprawl (no green space)
46
How is waste pollution an urban challenge in Birmingham?
In 2015, only 30% of the waste was recycled. The council aim to increase this to 40% by 2026.
In 2024, it was 22% whereas 40% was the national average.
Cause: increasing population
47
How is housing inequality an urban challenge in Birmingham?
Over 100,000 people are homeless in Birmingham.
Higher in areas where higher unemployment rates & industry has declined.
48
What are brownfield sites?
How are derelict buildings an urban challenge in Birmingham?
Brownfield sites
= places that have been built in before but are no longer in use.
In 2015, it was predicted that 89,000 homes were needed with space for only 51,000 new houses
Causes:
ā¢ Decline in industry
ā¢ Costs a lot of money to clear up & redevelop but can provide important space
49
What is urban sprawl?
How is urban sprawl (& commuter settlements) an urban challenge in Birmingham?
Urban sprawl
= the expansion of the urban area onto more rural & less populated areas
42,000 people have moved from the city centre, in the last 10 years.
Causes:
ā¢ Increase in transportation links
ā¢ Improvement in technology to āwork form homeā
ā¢ Change in lifestyle choices - quieter & more green spaces
50
How is urban deprivation & social inequality an urban challenge in Birmingham?
Birmingham is the 6th most deprived area in the country.
During the 1970s, lots of industry left, leading to huge unemployment & empty factories.
Inequality in education & healthcare -
Sutton Coldfield:
Life expectancy - 86
5 GCSEs - 87%
VS
Ladywood:
Life expectancy - 75
5 GCSEs - 43%
51
What is urban regeneration?
Brindley Place: Why was it in need of regeneration?
lots of derelict buildings & unused land
abandoned industrial area
high crime rates & homelessness
unsafe & uninviting
52
Birmingham - urban regeneration
Brindley Place: What did the project involve?
Ā£340 million public & private investment
mixed use development - shops, cafes, bars, flats, offices
3 main public squares with seating & water features (urban greening)
35 fully serviced apartments
landscaped & pedestrianised walkways & town paths (safer)
53
Birmingham - urban regeneration
Brindley Place: What were the social impacts of the project?
provided 143 homes for city workers
āsame day doctor schemeā - a walk in centre for residents
increase in alcohol related crimes on the weekends
54
Birmingham - urban regeneration
Brindley Place: What were the economic impacts of the project?
cost Ā£340 million
attracted major business (e.g. Royal bank of Scotland & National sea life centre)
created jobs in construction industry & provided range of skilled / low skilled jobs
a range of different places for visitors to spend money (multiplier effect)
55
Birmingham - urban regeneration
Brindley Place: What were the environmental impacts of the project?
removed derelict buildings (factories) & cleaned up pollution
team of 16 people called the āGreen Teamā keep the area environmentally friendly
recycle 100% of the waste created in the area
ācity car clubā where you can pay to share a car on a daily basis
56
What is sustainable urban living?
***Case study: Curitiba***
Where is Curitiba located?
Sustainable urban living
= a city lifestyle that is environmentally friendly and good for the future.
200 km of bike paths
COHAB - public housing programme (50,000 homes for the urban poor - to stop squatter settlements)
Bus service used by 2 million people (highest in Brazil)
70% of the city recycles (paper recycling alone saves 1200 trees a day)
fuel usage is 3% lower than other Brazilian cities
1/5 of the city is parkland
no one lives more than 400m away from a bus stop
57
Sustainable urban living:
Where is Curitiba located?
How is Curitiba sustainable?
58
Curitiba: How is waste management sustainable?
59
Curitiba: How is integrated transport sustainable?
Integrated transport system
= using different modes of transport together to travel somewhere.
60
Curitiba: How is the green exchange sustainable?
61
Curitiba: How is pedestrianisation sustainable?
Pedestrianisation
= removing cars/roads so people are safe to walk.
