Paper 3 B: Crime And Deviance

Question 1

What are norms?

Answer 1

• norms are a set of rules created by society to deem what is morally acceptable or not
• they are fluid & depend on time, location etc
  E.g washing your hands

Question 2

What is crime?

Answer 2

• crime is a behaviour that breaks the laws resulting in legal punishment
• definition of crime varies significantly between cultures

Question 3

Examples of crime:

Answer 3

• theft, drug trafficking, assault, murder

Question 4

What is deviance?

Answer 4

Behaviours that violate societal norms but do not necessarily break the law

Question 5

Examples of deviance

Answer 5

-public swearing
- protesting
- tattoos and piercings

Question 6

What is social order?

Answer 6

Social order is achieved through the structured pattern of behaviour
- it’s achieved through shared norms and values and rules that allows individuals to coexist peacefully

Question 7

What does Durkheim say about social order?

Answer 7

• he says shared set of beliefs and values binds people together making it less likely for deviant behaviour to threaten societal stability

Question 8

What is organic analogy?

Answer 8

-where institutions work interdependent to teach norms and values
Institutions are family and school
They carry out
G: goal attainment (government)
A: adaptation (economy)
I: integration (education)
L: latency (family)
School teach meritocracy where if you work hard you get money so individuals believe they benefit from this system

Question 9

What does Hirshi say about the Social Bond Theory?

Answer 9

• suggests individuals with strong bonds to society are less likely to engage in deviance
• Bonds include attachment to family and community
• commitment to social goals and belief in social values help individuals internalise social norms

Question 10

What does Marxists say about social control?

Answer 10

• Marxists believe bourgeoisie hold the power and laws reflect capitalist ideology
• legal system ( police, lawyers) serve interests of the bourgeoise
  - used to control the masses and prevent a revolution
  Social control is enforced through institutions and abuse of power

Question 11

What is ideological state apparatus?

Answer 11

• where media, religion and school teach us to think and behave in a way which benefits the bourgeoise through the use of repressive state apparatus (criminal justice system)

Question 12

What do postmodernists say about social control? E.g Foucault

Answer 12

• social control/ punishment was physical now it is psychological and expects people to change the way we think
• foucalt suggests traditionally sovereign power was used which was controlling people through the threat of force but now society uses disciplinary power (controlling people through surveillance)
  -suggests most people obey rules because they know they are being watched so they regulate their own behaviour

Question 13

William 2012
Patterns of offending and victimisation

Answer 13

Established a statistical correlation between social disadvantage and crime
- those in economically deprived areas are more likely to engage in and experience crime

Question 14

William 2012
Patterns of offending and victimisation

Answer 14

Established a statistical correlation between social disadvantage and crime
- those in economically deprived areas are more likely to engage in and experience crime

Question 15

Kinseys 1984 Merseyside Crime Survey

Answer 15

Revealed working class neighbourhoods experience higher victimisation rates
- highlighting how economic disadvantage and social class impact crime rates

Question 16

What do statistics show about offending?

Answer 16

Ministry of justice data shows individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately represented in Uk prisons

Question 17

What do statistics show about Victimisation?

Answer 17

Survey for England and wales show higher rates of burglary, theft and violent crime victimisation in lower income communities

Question 18

Merton’s strain theory

Answer 18

Suggests individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience strain due to limited access to to opportunities = crime

Question 19

Young (1988)

Answer 19

Argued against idea of ‘equal victim’
explaining crime affects disadvantaged groups due to the structural inequalities in society

Question 20

Winlow (2001)

Answer 20

Explored how economic shifts + loss of traditional working class jobs have led to a rise of crime amongst men in poorer areas
FUELLED BY WORKING CLASS MASCULINITY AND FRUSTRATION OVER ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS

Question 21

Mcvie( 2004)

Answer 21

• found in his study that offending peaks during teenage years and declined with age
• age crime curve reflects patterns world wide
  -younger people are more likely to risk take and be peer pressured

Question 22

Statistics of offending (age)

Answer 22

Statistics indicate individuals aged 15-24 are represented in offences like theft,vandalism and drug related crimes

Question 23

Statistics of victimisation (age)

Answer 23

Violent victimisation is more likely to happen amongst individuals aged 16-24

Question 24

Social Learning theory - offending and victimisation

Answer 24

-younger individuals may be more susceptible to peer pressure as well as learning a particular behaviour from those around them

Question 25

Life course Theory

Answer 25

Crime peaks in adolescence and decreases as individuals assume roles and responsibilities in adulthood E.g family and career

Question 26

Control theory

Answer 26

Younger individuals may lack the social bonds that deter deviant behaviour, leading to higher rates of offending.

Question 27

Crime patterns and gender:

Answer 27

Men are more frequently involved in violent and property crime.

Question 28

Adler (1975)

Answer 28

Argued as women gain social freedom they also adopt behaviour traditionally associated with male criminality

Question 29

Gelsthorpe (2006)

Answer 29

Found that although women are underrepresented in violent crime, they still participate in minor offences such as shoplifting and fraud.

Question 30

Gender and Victimisation

Answer 30

Women are more likely to be victims of domestic abuse and intimate partner violence Men are more frequently victims of violent crime in public spaces

Question 31

Statistics of offending (gender)

Answer 31

Men make up around 90% of prison populations in the UK- for more violent and sexual offences There has been a gradual increase of female crime in areas such as theft

Question 32

Statistics of Victimisation (gender)

Answer 32

Women report higher levels of domestic violence and sexual assault while men are more likely to be victims of robbery and physical assault in public settings

Question 33

Messerschmidt (1993)

Answer 33

Examined how men assert masculinity through crime arguing that criminal behaviour is often used to express masculinity

Question 34

Walkate (2006)

Answer 34

Highlighted that repeat victimisation is common in abusive relationships, women face multiple instances of domestic violence

Question 35

Winlow (2001)

Answer 35

Discussed the concept of working class masculinity where men from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may turn to crime as a expression of identity

Question 36

Crime and Ethnicity

Answer 36

Ethnic minorities, especially Black people are overrepresented in criminal statistics Usually linked to social inequality and systemic bias

Question 37

Bowling and Philips (2006)

Answer 37

Highlighted inequalities in the charging and prosecution of black suspects and the overpolicing of certain neighbourhoods

Question 38

Statistics of offending (ethnicity);

Answer 38

-Black individuals are more likely to be arrested and over represented in prison populations -Black people are 4 times more likely to be stopped and searched than their white counterparts

Question 39

Statistics of victimisation (ethnicity)

Answer 39

Ethnic minorities report higher rates of racially motivated crimes

Question 40

Holdaway (1996) Institutional racism

Answer 40

Argued racial biases within police force lead to treatment of ethnic minorities Reflected in disproportionate stop and searches which fuel mistrust between communities and law

Question 41

Define the concept of canteen culture as a reason for the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics

Answer 41

Holdaway uses ‘canteen culture’ to refer to the values and attitudes of police when off duty socialising which leads to normalisation of this racist mentality

Question 42

Define racial framing

Answer 42

Where race is either prioritised when it isn’t relevant or ignored when it is

Question 43

Evidence to show overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime Hint: prosecution service

Answer 43

Bowling and Phillips point out crown prosecution service is more likely to drop cases put forward by police involving black suspects - suggests police charge black people more frequently based on insufficient evidence

Question 44

Holdaway (1996) the racialisation of policing

Answer 44

Explored how racial biases in the police force influence policing practices , argued police often apply stereotypes to black individuals- associating them with crime, increase of stop and searches. Research methods: participant observation and interviews

Question 45

Hood (1992) Race and Sentencing

Answer 45

Examined racial disparities in sentencing within the British criminal justice system Concluded Black ethnic and minority ethnics were more likely to receive harsher sentences than white defendants for similar offences. Racial biases impact sentence outcomes highlights black individuals often face systemic disadvantages leading to overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in prisons Research methods: Statistical analysis

Question 46

Waddington et al (2004) Stop and Search

Answer 46

Examined police stop and search and higher rates among ethnic minorities can be partly explained by their visibility in public spaces or the “available population” Found that ethnic minorities are more likely to be present in areas where police conduct stops (canteen culture) Research method: Observational study

Question 47

Nightingale (1993) the paradox of inclusion

Answer 47

Found black youth in America wanted to gain social acceptance and respect through material success but due to limited legitimate opportunities they turn to crime (drugs) to buy cars and clothes Nightingale found crime was driven by a desire for inclusion in society

Question 48

Gunter (2008) Black Identity, badness and road culture

Answer 48

Examined how young black people create a sense of identity through road culture which emphasize toughness as a sign of respect Found that some youth join gangs to navigate social and economic barriers

Question 49

Bowling & Phillips (2003) Asian stereotypes and crime

Answer 49

Studied how stereotypes about Asian communities impact their treatment within the criminal justice system Found that Asian young men were viewed with suspicion by law enforcement following 9/11=rise of surveillance and discrimination

Question 50

Global Criminal Economy: Castells

Answer 50

Identifies global criminal economy as a result of globalisation - why? Because globalisation lets criminal networks operate transnationally

Question 51

What activities does the global criminal economy include and define them:

Answer 51

- Trafficking: drugs, arms, people, body parts - Cybercrime: Hacking, identity theft, crime - Money laundering: using financial systems to conceal illegal profits

Question 52

Examples of drug trafficking, human trafficking and illegal arms trade

Answer 52

Drug trafficking : the Colombian drug cartels supply cocaine to markets in the USA and Europe which shows the transnational nature of the drug trade Human trafficking: individuals are exploited for forced labour or sexual exploitation across international borders Illegal arms trade: weapons sold globally often fuel conflicts in developing nations

Question 53

Global criminal economy- Farr (2005)

Answer 53

Highlighted ride of transnational organised crime and its reliance on new technology

Question 54

Global criminal economy- Held et al (1999)

Answer 54

Argues globalisation has facilitated both legitimate and illegitimate forms of transnational exchange

Question 55

Global risk consciousness- Ulrich Beck

Answer 55

Argued globalisation has created a “risk society” where people are increasingly aware of global risks e.g terrorism, cybercrime and pandemics These risks transfer from country to country created global risk consciousness

Question 56

What are the key features of global risk consciousness & define them:

Answer 56

- media amplification : media coverage of terrorism and cyber crime increase public fear even though the actual risk is low - tightened borders: governments implement stricter immigration policies and surveillance in response to perceived threats - moral panic: globalisation of risks leads to moral panics where specific groups e.g migrants are scapegoated for societal problems

Question 57

Global risk consciousness: cohen (1972)

Answer 57

Focuses on local moral panics and also the fear of refugees

Question 58

Global risk consciousness: Bauman (2000)

Answer 58

Argues globalisation has heightened feelings of insecurity as traditional sources of stability (nation state) are undermined

Question 59

What effects does global risk consciousness have?

Answer 59

It has implications for crime prevention, law enforcement and public perception of safety which leads to increased surveillance and securitisation

Question 60

What did Taylor find about the relationship between globalisation, capitalism and crime?

Answer 60

Argued that globalisation has intensified inequalities within and between countries

Question 61

How has globalisation, capitalism and crime increased economic inequality, corporate crime and marginalisation?

Answer 61

Economic inequality: global capital has led to job losses in developed countries and exploitative working conditions in developing countries Corporate crime: multinational corporations engage in tax evasion, environmental destruction and labour exploitation Marginalisation: those excluded from benefits of global capitalism may turn to crime as a way to survive

Question 62

Examples of economic inequality, corporate crime and marginalisation?

Answer 62

Sweatshops: global brands exploit cheap labour in developing countries leading to violation of workers rights Urban crime: deindustrialisation in the west has led to rising unemployment and poverty correlating with increased crime in urban areas

Question 63

Define green crime according to franko aas (2007)

Answer 63

- examines the global nature of green crime which involves harm to the environment E.g deforestation, pollution and illegal wildlife trade

Question 64

Define green crime according to carrabine et al:

Answer 64

Highlights the challenges of addressing green crime which often involves powerful cooperations and requires international cooperation to regulate

Question 65

Define green crime according to potter:

Answer 65

Argues that green crime is a product of global capitalism which prioritises profit over environmental sustainability

Question 66

Key points potter makes about green crime :

Answer 66

Corporate offences: companies engaging in practices like dumping toxic waste or over fudging Environmental justice: green crime disproportionately affects poorer communities reflecting global inequality