Paper 3 : Forensic Flashcards by Izzy Barnes

Top down profiling

Process is intuitive and based on deductive reasoning. Based on whether killer is organised disorganised. What type of job they have, status, personality

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Bottom up

David canter
Uses empirical data
Interpersonal coherence
Forensic awareness
Geographical profiling
Criminal geographic targeting

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Interpersonal coherence

People are consistent so their crimes reflect usual behaviours

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Forensic awareness

How well they covered their crimes could indicate past convictions

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Circle theory

Offenders commit crimes within small radius where they love (marauder) or where they know well (commuter)

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Criminal geographic profiling

Using statistical analysis to find offenders base

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Atavistic form

Lombroso
Physical features that make an innate criminal
Evolutionary throwback
Born criminals - evolutionary throwback
Insane criminals - mental illness
Criminaloids - commit crimes due to bad experiences

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Somatotypes

Kretschmer
Identified body types and common crime types

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Leptosome

Tall and thin, petty crimes

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Athletic

Tall and muscular - violence

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Pkynic

Short and fat, deception

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Dysplastic

Mixed, immoral crimes like prostitution

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Genetic explanations

Candidate genes MAOA-L known as warrior gene, leads to excessive serotonin which desensitises us to it and makes us less inhibited

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Neural explanations

Parts of the brain have abnormal structures or functioning linked with leading to committing crimes

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Prefrontal cortex

Linking with regulating emotion and moral behaviour. Low activity is linked with impulsiveness and lack of self control

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Limbic system

Regulating emotions and motivation
Included amygdala responsible for identifying threats

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Serotonin

Decreased serotonin could lead to impulsive behaviours

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Eysencks theory of criminal personality

Identified three personality variable and developed eysencks personality questionnaire

Extra version interaversion

Extraverts seek new experiences, under stimulated nervous system. Impulsive crimes that give adrenaline rush

Neuroticism stability

Neurotics are less emotionally stable and unpredictable. More sensitive fight or flight. Crimes of passion or provoked violent attacks

Psychotism normality

Aggressive, egocentric less empathy. High levels of testerone. No remorse

Cognitive distortions

Irrational ways of thinking that offenders demonstrate, help cause and justify offences

Hostile attribution bias

Offenders see ambiguous behaviours from others as having a negative or aggressive motive

Minimalisation

Downplay severity of their crimes

Kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning

Preconventional stage under 6 years old only concerned about preventing punishment for bad behaviour Conventional stage 7-11 years concerned about preserving our reputation as good boy or girl Post conventional stage - develop our own set of moral

Differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland believed offending behaviour is learnt from our close relationships

Pro crime attitudes

Offending behaviour is desirable and specific moral codes

Specific criminal acts

How to commit crime for the most gain and least risk

Pyschodynamic explanations

Freud Children in phallice stage go through Oedipus/ electra complex, in order to resolve this they must identify with thier same sex parent and learn morality from them in developing a super ego

Weak superego

Absent same sex parent leads to underdeveloped super ego, more driven to commit crimes by selfish ID

Deviant superego

Pro crime parents teach a superego with poor morality

Over harsh super ego

Strict parents make superego overdeveloped, feel like they are doing everything wrong

Bowlbys maternal deprivation

Children with inconsistent mother figure at young age are likely to grow to become affectionless psychopaths

Aims of custodial sentencing

Protect public Punish by preventing recidivism Deterrretn Retribution Rehabilitate

Affects of custodial sentencing

De-individuating Depression Overcrowding Lack of privacy Effects on family

Token economy

Given tokens for desirable behaviours. Exchanged for rewards like chocolate, cigarettes or extra visiting hours. Undesirable behaviours are punished with removal of tokens

Theoretical basis

Rewards act as positive reinforcement making behaviour more likely. Token goes from neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus

Aims of anger management

Cognitive restructuring (become more self aware Regulation of arousal (gain better control over their feelings of anger) Behavioural strategies (educate on how to avoid anger)

Stress incolulafkon model

CBT

Stage 1

Cognitive preparation Help patient identify triggers and see them as irrational or distorted

Stage 2

Still acquisition Teach patient behavioural, cognitive, physiological strategies for reducing anger. Deep breathing, rational thinking, strategic withdrawal

Stage 3

Application practice Therapist and patient role play Praised by postive reinforcement

Restorative justice

Trying to repair the harm they caused Based on communication - with trained mediator Helps to restore the situation back to what it was before the crime May involve community service

Aims of restorative justice

Reduce recidivism