Paper 4 (2023) Flashcards
(24 cards)
Explain two ways in which environments at risk can be protected
Designating areas off limits with laws
Legal protection of species
Restrictions on building
Limits on people so as not to exceed carrying capacity
Education programmes
Conservation programs for wildlife which actively encourage regrowth
The environmental impacts of energy production, transport and usage can be reduced through the development of technology
Switching from fossil fuels to renewables and pipelines
Catalytic converters, filters, circuit break safety systems
Human error in spills, rising demand for energy, differing views on environmental impact and adherence to international treaties
Problems faced in attempts to improve degraded environments being caused by a lack of capital
Other problems include scale and extent of degradation, remoteness and issues with monitoring, lack of awareness and education amongst the population and lack of legislation and regulations. Government policy may be prioritising the economy over the environment.
Explain two factors which influence global trade
Resource endowment
Locational advantage
Level of economic development
historical factors such as colonial ties
Trade agreements
Political factors
Protectionism
Changes in the global market
Unexpected natural or human events
Growth of TNCs in global production
Impacts of aid
Aid can skew trade and actually cost more if the aid is tied to the donor country’s goods and services. It can also increase debt if loans form part of the aid. Some aid may be in the form of vanity projects that are costly or not needed. Can support development and address poverty in countries with limited resources
Forms of aid
Emergency
Bilateral and multilateral
Conditional
NGO and government
Problems of aid for receiving countries
Unfair deals
Conditions that are set
Internal issues such as top-down or bottom-up approaches
Corruption or misuse of aid
Negative effects on domestic markets
Evaluate the importance of developments in transport and communications in the growth of international tourism
Transport (non-stop travel, cruise ships, rail)
Communication allows travel agents to advertise through social media and communicate instantly, raising awareness of new locations
Other factors include rising disposable incomes, the higher demand from the rising middle class in MICs, social factors such as paid leave and the impacts of globalisation such as higher levels of international migration
Explain two constraints on improving the quality of degraded environments
Economic: lack of capital to clean or maintain quality
Social: lack of understanding
Scale: too large to be solved or too small for concern
Political: may not be a government priority or corruption
Education: difficult to improve if unaware of causes
Evaluate the extent to which energy consumption by MICs has become a global issue
MICs are undergoing rapid industrialisation and have large outputs of greenhouse gases. Rising affluence has an impact on domestic energy uses. Other global issues are climate change related to sea level change, loss of freshwater, food insecurity, extreme weather, ocean acidification and more.
Evaluate the extent to which urbanisation is the main factor in the degradation of urban environments
Urbanisation leads to an increase in population, clearing of land for housing, greater vehicle use, expansion of the urban area and changes to the landscape. Some causes may originate from rural areas. Constraints are the quality of urban planning, poverty, land rights and political factors. Other factors include industrial development and inadequate waste management
Explain the positive impacts of Fairtrade for countries which export primary products
Guarantees minimum prices leading to lower vulnerability to price volatility and improves negotiating position of producers, making incomes more secure. Wages are more stable and greater tax revenue for the government
Improves working conditions and rights
Contributes to productivity, environmental sustainability and community projects
Standards include training and environmentally friendly practices for soil and water management, use of chemicals, biodiversity protection, pest management, energy and greenhouse gas reduction and support for climate change adaptation
Benefits to donor countries of international aid
Improved relations and public image
The possibility for future cooperation and mutually beneficial agreements
Fewer migrants into donor country as receiving country develops
Aid is a form of indirect control exerted by richer national giving them more power and influence
Benefits for receiving countries of international aid
Better international relationships
Raising education levels and skills
Infrastructure improvements
A multiplier effect on the economy
To what extent is an understanding of carrying capacity helpful in evaluating the impact of tourism on a destination
Different groups have different ideas of when carrying capacity has been reached and sometimes the carrying capacity is unknown until it has been exceeded and damage has appeared
Useful in decision making and planning and provides a framework
Suggest two reasons why the use of HEP varies between countries
Climate characteristics which encourage or preclude the use of HEP
Physical factors which encourage or discourage construction
Capital issues
Variations in demand
Population distribution versus suitable sites
infrastructure issues
Explain two causes of debt for countries
Government spending exceeds income so money is borrowed from outside sources
Interest payments increase debt owed especially from variable interest agreements
Global factors influence interest rates such as inflation or recession reducing demand or prices of exports
Inability of local financial markets to provide finance or to be competitive
Borrowing to finance development projects
Consequences of taking on historical odious debt
War and impact on production leading to borrowing
Debt spiral and cycle
Inequalities in global trade
Dominance of HICs
Majority of trade by HICs with other HICs
LICs have issues such as primary product dependency
Exports of HICs consist of more high-tech and high value products than LICs
Trade is becoming more regionalised within trade blocs
Dominance of some countries over essential resources and price fixing
Inequalities could be linked fro volume, value and type of goods
Explain two methods used to improve air quality
Low emission zones in cities by having disincentives to use cars and other vehicles
Subsidising public transport and promoting cycling and the use of EVs
Clean air legislation
Switch from fossil fuels to renewables
Catalytic converters to convert toxic gases in exhaust
CO2 scrubbers fitted to power stations
Moving air polluting industry away from residential areas
Planting trees to remove CO2
Domestic sources of energy change from burning fuel to electricity or more efficient stoves in homes to reduce domestic use of coal and wood
Explain two positive impacts of new hotels
Provision of jobs in an isolated area
Overseas tourists bring in foreign exchange
Government gains tax revenue
Linked industries may also benefit
Provision of associated infrastructure can increase economic activity in the area
Positive impacts of international aid on receiving countries
The short term benefits of emergency relief for disasters or the longer term benefits of providing support, income and skills that a country would otherwise not have enables long term economic development and can improve health and education so population is more able to have improved standards of living
Negative impacts of international aid on receiving countries
Reliance on aid and increase in debt is loans are part of the aid package, conditions attached to aid such as elimination of state subsidies and the privatisation of services, increased and wasteful bureaucracy, focus on headline issues, corruption can be a problem if aid money is siphoned off by corrupt officials or goes to government elites. Can skew trade and cost more if aid is tied to the donor countries goods. TNCs may benefit more than the receiving countries. Some aid may be in the form of vanity projects that are costly or not needed
The life cycle model of tourism usefulness
Can be viewed as a useful tool for planning of new tourist development or to monitor the progress of an existing destination and therefore may assist the management of a tourist area or destination. The model possesses internal coherence and logic, it is plausible and easily intelligible and therefore may be applied to many types of tourist
Criticisms of the life cycle model of tourism
Simplistic nature of the model, the axes do not have specific time or number scales, it is not dated, the model proposes a continual change and only has 4 end choices, it does not allow for interruption to the overall growth path, it assumes that growth is desirable and rules out factors such as the sustainability of a destination and the different criteria which may be used to assess sustainability
