PARA by Ebora Flashcards

Question

Malaria parasite have their asexual cycle in? a. man b. mosquito c. both d. neither

Answer 1

man Sexual phase is found in mosquito

Answer 2

Balantidium coli Only ciliate capable of causing infection to humans Habitat: colon Risk factor: close contact with pigs/ pigs feces “Thrown ball motility” Virulence factor: hyaluronidase (Lytic enzyme that causes ulceration). Enzyme causing destruction causing shigellosis / dysentery like disease. Causes ulcers bigger than E. histolytica

Answer 3

Distinguishing surface antigens by immunologic assay E. histolytica and E. dispar cannot be morphologically differentiated. The cyst stage of both organisms has four nuclei with a centrally located karyosome. E. histolytica is a well recognized intestinal parasite, whereas E. dispar is considered nonpathogenic. Immunologic assays to detect antigens or molecular biology assays are necessary to differentiate these two species

Answer 4

Keratitis Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba rarely causing human infections. This organism has been associated with granulomatous infections of the skin and lung, as well as meningoencephalitis. However, the most common presentation is keratitis, infection of the cornea. Most keratitis cases have been associated with contact lenses

Answer 5

Series of Scotch tape preparations In a pediatric patient, the most appropriate diagnostic test for recovery of Enterobius vermicularis eggs is a series of Scotch tape preparations.

Answer 6

Giardia lamblia Cysts are the infective stage of most intestinal parasites. D. fragilis is currently classified as a flagellate, even though it does not produce a flagellum. However, D. fragilis does not have a cyst stage. G. lamblia is the only flagellate in the list of protozoa with a cyst stage. B. coli is a ciliate and E. coli is an ameba.

Answer 7

Definitive host In parasites with a sexual and asexual stage of development, the definitive host is the host in which the sexual stage of the parasite occurs. The intermediate host is the host in which the asexual stage of the parasite is found. Vectors are arthropods, like mosquitoes and ticks that transmit infectious agents. A commensal is an organism that benefits from an existence with a host but does not damage the host.

Answer 8

2 to 5 grams and pea sized

Answer 9

Ancylostoma braziliense Creeping eruption is caused by ANIMAL HOOKWORMS - Ancylostoma caninum - Ancylostoma braziliense

Answer 10

Examination of blood smears In general the diagnosis of L. loa infection should be made with blood smear. However, when blood smears are negative and clinical suspicion of infection is high, the general antibody test could be used in an attempt to exclude infection.

Answer 11

Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxocara canis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus

Answer 12

Loa loa Maturing larvae and adults of the "eye worm" occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin – the fat layer – of humans, causing disease. The L. loa adult worm which travels under the skin can survive up to 10–15 years, causing inflammations known as Calabar swellings.

Answer 13

Mansonella ozzardi

Answer 14

Fecal concentration method

Answer 15

Fecal concentration method

Answer 16

Tissue biopsy

Answer 17

Blood film examination

Answer 18

Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 19

Strongyloides stercoralis

Answer 20

Eating infected crustacea

Answer 21

An aquatic snail

Answer 22

Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 23

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Answer 24

Blastocystis hominis Classified member of Stramenopiles * Suggested new class: Class Blastocystea * Previously classified as a yeast in Schizosaccharomyces * Also previously associated with Blastomyces * MOT: ingestion of thick walled cysts * Life cycle still not fully understood

Answer 25

A large glycogen vacuole

Answer 26

Plasmodium vivax

Answer 27

Entamoeba gingivalis ➔ Entamoeba gingivalis ◆ Ameba of oral cavity (gum line) ◆ No cyst stage = IS: trophozoite ◆ MOT: person to person (kissing; sharing of personal items) ◆ First ameba discovered by man ◆ Found inhabiting the gum line of teeth, tartar and gingival pockets of teeth of unhealthy mouths and even healthy mouths; may also be seen in genital tract ◆ Scavengers and eat debris; can ingest WBCs, debris, RBC (rare) ◆ Non-pathogenic; but seen in patients with pyorrhea alveolaris (gum infection)

Answer 28

Contaminated lens-cleaning solutions

Answer 29

Ixodes spp. Babesia spp. (Babesiosis) and Borrelia burgdorferi - Co infection since both share same tick vector - Same endemic area

Answer 30

Xenopsylla spp. The rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, is the primary vector of the bubonic plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, and also serves as a vector of bacteria belonging to the genera Rickettsia and Bartonella.

Answer 31

Protozoan cysts and helminth eggs

Answer 32

Unstained saline wet mount

Answer 33

Loa loa Wuchereria bancrofti: nocturnal Brugia malayi: subperiodic (12 pm to 8pm) Loa loa: diurnal → during the day Onchocerca volvulus: nonperiodic

Answer 34

Naegleria spp. Granulomatous Amebic encephalitis is caused by Acanthamoeba

Answer 35

Either the definitive or the intermediate host If humans ingest T. solium cysticerci in uncooked or rare pork, the adult tapeworm will mature within the intestine (human will serve as definitive host); if eggs from the adult tapeworm are ingested, then the cysticerci will develop in human tissues (accidental intermediate host), causing cysticercosis

Answer 36

Ingestion of raw freshwater fish The ingestion of raw freshwater fish containing the encysted larvae of D. latum will result in the development of an adult tapeworm within the human intestine

Answer 37

Short buccal capsule and large genital primordium The rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis are characterized by the short buccal capsule (mouth) and large genital primordium, whereas hookworm larvae have a long buccal capsule and very small genital primordium.

Answer 38

Intestinal protozoa A permanent stain—such as the trichrome stain used on a thin, fixed fecal smear—is particularly helpful in allowing identification of nuclear and other intracellular structures and is highly recommended as a routine procedure in a diagnostic laboratory

Answer 39

EDTA Collection of blood by finger stick is preferred for preparing blood smears for the detection of malaria. When a venipuncture is performed, the preferred anticoagulant for malarial blood smears is EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Heparin can be used, but it may cause distortion of some parasite forms.

Answer 40

Distinguishing surface antigens by immunologic assays E. histolytica and E. dispar cannot be morphologically differentiated. The cyst stage of both organisms has four nuclei with a centrally located karyosome. E. histolytica is a wellrecognized intestinal parasite, whereas E. dispar is considered nonpathogenic. Immunologic assays to detect antigens or molecular biology assays are necessary to differentiate these two species

Answer 41

Permanently stained smear The permanently stained smear is especially recommended for identification of trophozoites, for confirmation of species, and for keeping a permanent record of the organisms found. Species identification of amebic trophozoites can rarely be made from a single feature; permanent stains enable one to observe the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic inclusions and the nuclear morphologic features of many cells. Iron hematoxylin and trichrome are commonly used stains

Answer 42

Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 43

Giardia lamblia – falling leaf Balantidium coli- thrown ball motility/ rolling ball Chilomastix mesnili – corkscrew/ boring Trichomonas hominis- jerky motility. → Updated name: Pentatrichomonas hominis: found in contaminated food, water fomites. - habitat: colon - has 5 flagella

Answer 44

none of the above CHETS Capillaria philippinensis Hymenolepis nana Enterobius vermicularis Taenia solium Strongyloides stercoralis In addition, unlike other parasites belonging to the same subclass (Coccidia), Cryptosporidium is able to autoinfect the same host. Autoinfection occurs through the thin-walled oocysts, which excyst once they are separated from the epithelium, and the cycle starts again

Answer 45

Travel history, antimalarial medication, date of return to Country Travel history (areas of drug resistance), the date of return to the United States (primary versus relapse case), and history of antimalarial medication and illness (severe illness, few organisms on smear) are very important questions to ask. Without this information, a malaria diagnosis can be missed or delayed with severe patient consequences

Answer 46

Strongyloides stercoralis latent infection with S. stercoralis acquired years before may cause severe symptoms in the immunosuppressed patient (“autoinfective” capability of life cycle and migratory route of the larvae through the body)

Answer 47

Blood films for malaria The request for blood films for malaria should always be considered a stat request. Any laboratory providing these services should be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In cases of P. falciparum malaria, any delay in diagnosing the infection could be fatal for the patient

Answer 48

Enterobius vermicularis, the pinworm The pinworm, E. vermicularis, is the most common parasitic helminth infection throughout the world, and the eggs are infective within just a few hours. Some have said, “You either had the infection as a child, have it now, or will have it again when you have children.”

Answer 49

Trichuris trichiura The eggs of T. trichiura (the whipworm) have been described as being barrel shaped with a thick shell and two polar plugs

Answer 50

Exhibit Schüffner’s dots and have a true relapse in the life cycle A Both P. vivax and P. ovale infect young red cells, have true stippling (Schüffner’s dots), contain malarial pigment, and have a true relapse stage in the life cycle.

Answer 51

Plasmodium malariae The older developmental stages of Plasmodium knowlesi (trophs, schizonts) resemble those seen in infections with P. malariae (band forms, rosette schizonts).

Answer 52

Plasmodium falciparum The early ring stages of Plasmodium knowlesi resemble those of P. falciparum.

Answer 53

Rapid erythrocytic cycle (24 hr), will infect all ages of RBCs, and can cause serious disease A Key characteristics of an infection with Plasmodium knowlesi include a rapid life cycle (24 hr), the potential to infect all ages of RBCs, and the possibility of serious symptoms similar to those seen with P. falciparum infections. There is no relapse from the liver with this species.

Answer 54

Trypanosoma cruzi * Belongs to Trypanosome Group Stercoraria * Primarily infects: myocytes, heart cells, and RESs (reticuloendothelial system: monocytes, macrophages, skin, gonads, intestinal mucosa, placenta etc., so it is intracellular) * Causes Chagas’ Disease (Dr. Chagas first to study the disease) or American Trypanosomiasis (because of high prevalence in America) * Found in the PH (but no cases) o Found in squalid areas or dirty areas, mud walls * Infective stage to humans: metacyclic trypomastigote * Multiply within the mammalian host in a discontinuous manner * Zoonotic mammalian reservoir hosts: domestic animals, armadillos, raccoons, rodents, marsupials, and some primates FINAL HOST: MAN

Answer 55

Schistosoma haematobium

Answer 56

Trichinosis Excretion in human feces of the eggs of the hookworms, Taenia solium, T. saginata, and Ascaris lumbricoid.es, is an essential or important factor in perpetuating the cycle of infection with these parasites. Trichinosis is caused by ingestion of the live larvae of Trichinella spiralis encysted in the muscles of a flesh-eating host. The adults live in the host's intestine, and the viviparous females, after fertilization, produce larvae that migrate into the host's muscle tissue

Answer 57

P. falciparum

Answer 58

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale Eggs that can’t be speciate: - Taenia - Fasciola - Hookworms

Answer 59

Tissue biopsies

Answer 60

Examination of stained peripheral blood taken during the night Wuchereria bancrofti * Has nocturnal periodicity, meaning specimens should be collected at night because this is the time that the parasites are present in the blood

Answer 61

T. vaginalis * Causes Trichomoniasis (STD) * Has no cyst stage and has jerky tumbling motility * Speculum examination reveals punctate hemorrhages of the cervix (strawberry cervix) * Muopurulent discharge that is frothy, yellow, or green is also observed

Answer 62

5% Formalin * All purpose fixative * 5%: recommended for protozoan cysts * 10%: recommended for helminth eggs and larvae * Solution may be buffered with sodium phosphate to preserve morphological characteristics of the organisms

Answer 63

1.18 to 1.20 Zinc Sulphate Flotation Method * Main reagent: 33% zinc sulfate solution * Ideal specific gravity: 1.18-1.20 Page 324 Belizario

Answer 64

Cercaria Schistosoma * Mode of transmission to humans: skin penetration of the cercaria * Miracidium: infective stage to snail (1st intermediate host) * Miracidium will then develop into a Sporocyst o Sporocysts will then reproduce asexually to become free swimming cercaria

Answer 65

Paragonimiasis Paragonimus westermani * May cause partial seizures and cerebral Paragonimiasis * Can cause Jacksonian Epilepsy (discovered by Dr. John Jackson

Answer 66

Rosette appearance Plasmodium malariae * Causative agent of Quartan Malaria (paroxysmal cycle takes 72 hours) * Infects old RBCs * Large trophozoites are in band forms * Mature schizonts are in rosette form

Answer 67

MalariaHistidine-rich protein II (HRPII) is a protein produced by P. falciparum but not by other malaria parasite species. It accumulates in the bloodstream [10] and is the basis of diagnostic and prognostic tests for falciparum malaria.

Answer 68

N. fowleri

Answer 69

Bradyzoites Toxoplasma gondii - Parasites of cats - Complete life cycle in cats - Humans are accidental/ intermediate hosts - MOT: ingestion of sporulated oocysts or tissue cysts Diagnostic stage - Tissue cysts * Bradyzoites ▪ Multiply slowly ▪ Develop mostly in neural and muscular tissues ▪ May also develop in visceral organs ▪ Late stages of infection ▪ Enclosed in a tissue cyst Tachyzoites ▪ Rapidly multiply ▪ Infect cells of the intermediate hosts and non-intestinal epithelial cells of cats ▪ Found in early stages of infection ▪ Crescent-shaped

Answer 70

Are the diagnostic form found in feces The rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis are the diagnostic stage typically passed in the feces of infected persons. The larvae measure up to 380 um long X 20 urn wide. They have a short buccal cavity and a prominent, ovoid, genital primordium midway along the ventral wall of the body. The infective stage is the filariform larva, which differs from the hookworm filariform larva by having a notched tail tip and a long esophagus.

PARA by Ebora Flashcards

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