Paramphistomatidosis of ruminants

Question 1

paramphistomum cervi geography

Answer 1

worldwide

Question 2

adult flukes of family paramphistomidae are parasites of…

Answer 2

• forestomach of ruminants
• they are thick, fleshy & conical - maggot-like, which is not typical for trematodes

Question 3

paramphistomum spp:

Answer 3

• Paramphistomum cervi
• Paramphistomum ichikawai
• Paramphistomum microbothrium

Question 4

IH of Paramphistomum cervi

Answer 4

Freshwater snails

• Planorbis, Lymnea

Question 5

FH of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 5

Ruminants

• cattle, sheep & goat - very common

Question 6

Location of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 6

• Juvenile: SI, duodenum, abomasum
• Adult: rumen, reticulum

Question 7

Morphology of pramphistomum cervi

Answer 7

• 6-12 mm
• Conical rather than flat
• Pear shaped, thick, fleshy, light red, visible sucker, tegmentum w/o spines
• Anterior & posterior sucker
• Complete reproductive system, testes are in the middle portion of the body.
• Larvae are pink

Question 8

egg morphology of Paramphistomum cervi

Answer 8

• size: large
• shape: oval - symmetrical
• external structure: 2 thin shells with operculum
• internal structure: unembryonated
• color: transparent/grey

Question 9

Pathogenesis of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 9

• Damage small intestine.
• Necrosis of mucosa.
• Duodenitis and enteritis.
  Acute or intestinal paraphistomatidosis
• In heavy infections only, mostly in young animals: masses of juvenile flukes (in sheep) induce acute, necrotic, occasionally haemorrhagic duodenitis by 2-3 weeks p.i.
• Course in cattle 2–3 weeks, in small ruminants 5–10 days.
  Chronic (typical) or rumen paraphistomatidosis
• Adults flukes attached to the mucosa of the rumen and reticulum are well tolerated

Older animals esp. cow, can become immune

Question 10

CS of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 10

• Acute or intestinal paraphistomatidosis – extensive diarrhea, anorexia, thirst, anemia, oedema, hypoalbuminemia, emaciation, fetal for young, discomfort.
• Chronic (typical) or rumen paraphistomatidosis – usually asymptomatic

Question 11

DX of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 11

• Sedimentation method,
• pathology like fluid diarrhoea or finding of flukes in feces
• Necropsy: small, young, pink flukes in duodenum.

Question 12

TX of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 12

• Oxyclosanid (15 mg/kg per os)
• Closantel (10 mg/kg per os)
• Albendazol (in increased dose: 15-20 mg/kg per os)
• Bithionol (25-100 mg/kg per os)
• Bithionol SO3 (40 mg/kg per os)

Question 13

control of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 13

• Snail control – molluscicide
• Pasture control – restrict access to wet areas, grazing control

Question 14

LC of paramphistomum cervi

Answer 14

1. Adult flukes shed UE eggs that goes out with feces
2. In environment, miracidium develops inside the eggs
3. Miracidium hatches in water & is attracted by snail mucous –> penetrate the snail
4. In IH miracidium become mother sporocyst –> rediae –> cercariae
5. Cercariae is released from snail to water plants & encyst as MC
6. Ru eats metacercaria & MC stays in lumen of duodenum in 3-5 weeks (juvenile form grows).
7. They move to rumen attaches by ventral sucker, transforms to an adult. Releases 5000-6000 eggs.

Question 15

Morphology of cotylophoron cotylophorum

Answer 15

• similar to P. cervi, but no genital sucker

Question 16

IH of cotylophoron cotylophorum

Answer 16

Freshwater snail

• Fossarta, Bultrus

Question 17

FH of cotylophoron cotylophorum

Answer 17

• sheep, cattle, foal, wild ru

Question 18

Location of cotylophoron cotylophorum

Answer 18

rumen & reticulum

Question 19

TX of cotylophoron cotylophorum

Answer 19

• Oxyclozanide: effective against both immature and adult stages
• Closantel: limited activity
• Niclosamide: against immature flukes