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TCM Exam 2 > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Organisms from what groups are considered “parasites?”

A

Protozoa and Animalia

Protozoa- amoeba, flagellates, ciliates and sporozoa pathogens

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2
Q

2 fungi sometimes listed as protozoa

A

Pneumocystis jirovicii (pneumonia in immunocompromised)

Microsporidia (spores of numerous fungal species associated with numerous different infections in immunocompromised)

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3
Q

Ectoparasites

A

near the skin surface (most arthropods)

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4
Q

Endoparasites

A

“inside” the body

Most GI and respiratory mucosal surfaces are still in contact with the external environment

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5
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Asymptomatic or invasive intestinal amebiasis (bloody diarrhea, colitis, appendicitis) with possible extraintestinal amebiasis (liver abscess)

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6
Q

Free Living Amoeba

A

Acanthamoeba castellanii can cause keratitis in contact wearers
A. castellanii and Balamuthia mandrillaris cause granulomatous encephalitis
Naegleria fowleri can cause meningoencephalitis, usually via cribriform plate fracture
Dx – culture for amoeba

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7
Q

giardia lamblia

A

Causes diarrhea with “fatty” stools .

under microscope looks like kites with eyes

swallowed string test

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8
Q

Leishmania donovani, etc.

A

Vector is the sand fly

Cutaneas, visceral (=kala azar), and mucocutaneous exist.

promastigotes in sandfly and in culture
kinetoplastid amastigotes in macrophages in lesions of human tissues

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9
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas disease = American trypanosomiasis

Vector is the kissing=reduviid=triatomine bug feces,

Romana sign– big swollen eye at the beginning of the infection

Kinetoplastid amastigotes in muscle tissue (heart, etc.)

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10
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

Sleeping sickness = African trypanosomiasis
Fulminant East African
chronic West African

Vector is tsetse fly

Parasite initially forms chancre, gets into blood evading host response via VSG glycoprotein gene rearrangements (recurrent fevers) and causes lymphadenopathy; later crosses into CNS (demyelinating panencephalitis) and can lead to coma and death if not treated

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11
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Sexually transmitted can be asymptomatic or cause urethritis in males or vaginitis in females

smells “fishy”

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12
Q

Plasmodium spp

A

Malaria
–> febrile hemolytic illness during merozoite release from RBCs that causes hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria (blackwater fever)

sometimes cerebral malaria = cerebral ischemia

Anopheles spp. mosquitoes is final host and humans the intermediate hosts of malaria

Vector (female mosquito) injects sporozoites

Sporozoites infect hepatocytes which reproduce asexually forming schizonts filled with merozoites
Merozoites infect RBCs forming ring forms that grow into trophozoites that can produce gametocytes

Mosquitos ingest male microgametocytes and female macrogametocytes from human blood

Dx – thick and thin blood smears

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13
Q

plasmodium spp. life cycle

A

mosquito takes up blood meal

pre-erythrocytic (exoerythrocytic) schizogony

Schizonts are filled with asexual haploid merozoites

dormant in hepatocytes (hypnozoites) –> recur years later

Erythrocytic schizogony (24-72 hours): immature trophozole (ring stage)–> mature–> schizont–> rupture–) immature trophozole

can continue from that phase to gametocytes

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14
Q

histology of plasmodium falciparum

A

1- Malaria has hemozoin (iron- brown pigment)

2- the falciparum gamteocyte is elongated/ banana shaped

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15
Q

treatment of malaria

A

Quinoline drugs (quinine, etc.) thought to inhibit heme transformation to hemozoin, which is required by the parasites as heme is toxic to the parasite

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16
Q

Different types of plasmodium spp

A

P. flaciparum- malignant tertian presentation. Crescent (banana) shape

P. vivax- benign tertian

P. malariae- Quartan

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17
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic with infectious cysts in meats or cat feces

worse in immunocompromised

TORCH syndrome with fetomaternal transmission

Definitive host is the cat

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18
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Cryptosporidiosis - watery diarrhea and gastroenteritis, especially in immunocompromised

Dx- stool exam w/ AFB stain

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19
Q

Cystoisopora belli

A

diarrhea, commonly in immunocompromised people

dx: acid-fast oocysts

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20
Q

Babesia spp.

A

hemolytic anemia; in immunocompromised can lead to DIC and death

Vector is Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged = deer tick)

** No hemozoin pigment

dx- ring forms (esp. tetrad maltese cross)

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21
Q

inflammatory response to helminths

A

Th2 –> cytokines –> eosinophils -> IgE

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22
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

blood flukes, lung fluke, sheep liver fluke, fish liver fluke, intestinal fluke

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23
Q

-Cestoda

A

various tapeworms

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24
Q

Schistosoma spp.= Blood Flukes

A

get it from the water
–> itchy rash

Chronically can lead to liver (pipe-stem fibrosis and ascites), intestinal (bloody diarrhea), pulmonary, bladder (hematuria) and CNS inflammation and fibrosis from misplaced eggs
S. haematobium involves urinary bladder and can lead to squamous cell carcinoma

dx- eggs in urine for H. haematobium, eggs in stool for others

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25
different schistosoma by egg descriptions
lateral spine-- mansoni terminal spine- haematopium no spine- japonicum
26
cercarial dermatitis
Cercaria intended for other species can cause an itchy rash (swimmer’s itch) which is self-limited as human is an incidental dead-end host normal host is ducks
27
Paragonimus westermani, etc.
Lung Flukes Causes paragonimiasis – asymptomatic to acute syndrome with cough, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever Spread by consumption of undercooked shellfish, crabs and crayfish Dx – eggs in sputum or lung biopsy;
28
Fasciola hepatica, etc
= Common/Sheep Liver Fluke in undercooked sheep/goat liver RUQ abdominal pain, cholecystitis, pancreatitis not associated with liver cancer
29
Clonorchis sinensis
Chinese/Oriental Liver Fluke undercooked fish--> travel to liver and feed on bile --> RUQ abdominal pain chronically can lea to biliary tract cholangiocarcinoma
30
Taenia spp.
Taenia solium from pork, Taenia saginata from beef from ingestion of animal flesh with cysticercosis cyticerci in undercooked flesh mild GI symptoms Ingestion of eggs in human fecal material from T. solium can cause cysticercosis dx- imaging for cysts in neurocysticercosis humans are final host Scolex have little hooks to grab onto your intestine Proglottid = eggs
31
Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish/Broad tapeworm Asymptomatic to symptoms of intestinal obstruction or gallbladder disease B12 deficiency From raw/undercooked freshwater fish humans are final host
32
Hymenolepis nana
= dwarf tapeworm mild intestinal symptoms world from ingestion of eggs in human feces or ingestion of infected microscopic crustaceans (copepods), beetles or mealworms
33
Echinococcus spp.
causes cysts within numerous organs (liver, lungs, CNS) Cystic (hydatid) disease occurs from eggs obtained from dogs (definitive host) or larval stages from sheep feels like hepatitis
34
Onchocerca volvulus
roundworm ``` Causes onchocerciasis (river blindness) – skin onchocercoma nodules corneal scarring ``` immature larvae introduced by blackfly
35
Loa loa
African Eye Worm Causes loiasis - itching, localized (Calabar) skin swelling, joint pain, renal failure, ocular problems from migrating microfilariae and can occlude lymphatics dx- midday blood smear examination
36
Dirofilaria immitis, etc.
granulomas in skin, lungs (asymptomatic, cough, pleural effusions, human is incidental host bitten by infected mosquito; DOG is the main host
37
Wuchereria bancrofti/ Brugia malayi/B. timori
Cause lymphatic filariasis can cause elephantiasis dx- nocturnal blood smears
38
Gongylonema pulchrum
presenting as a moving “worm” in the oral cavity mucosae, Infection is caused by ingestion larvae from intermediate hosts (cockroaches or dung beetles)
39
Trichinella spiralis
causes GI symptoms plus muscle pain from larvae in undercooked meat
40
Trichuris trichiura
= Whipworm Infection Soil transmitted helminth that causes trichuriasis – asymptomatic to frequent, painful defecation of watery stool with mucus and blood which can lead to rectal prolapse from ingestion of human feces barrel-shaped eggs with two polar caps
41
Dracunculus medinensis
Guinea Worm Disease GI symptoms with diarrhea, boil with severe burning pain where adults exit skin from ingestion of water containing larvae infected copepods (water fleas)
42
A. duodenale & N. americanus
= Hookworms soil transmitted helminths Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus cause hookworm infections worldwide– asymptomatic to GI symptoms with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia from touching infected human excrement
43
Ancylostoma braziliense
= Zoonotic Hookworms cutaneous larva migrans with inflamed worm tunnels in the skin Cat and dog feces may have Ancylostoma brazilense
44
Ascaris lumbricoides
= Giant Roundworm ``` #1 soil transmitted helminth and causes ascariasis worldwide – asymptomatic or GI symptoms (blockage); occasionally disseminates throughout the body (cough) Introduced by consuming human fecal material ```
45
Toxocara canis or T. cati
Ocular larva migrans when larvae migrate to the eye (ophthalmitis, retinal damage, blindness) Visceral larva migrans when larvae migrate systemically (cough, fever, abdominal pain) Humans are incidental hosts from ingesting eggs in cat or dog feces, or ingesting larvae in undercooked meat
46
Strongyloides stercoralis
= Threadworm Worldwide soil-transmitted helminth In HTLV-1 infected people, get severe disseminated strongyloidiasis Larvae in fecal material enter through feet may autoinfect via larvae exiting eggs and invading intestines or perianal skin and lead to hyperinfection
47
Trichostrongylus spp.
GI symtoms (pain diarrhea), from feces from an herbivorous host
48
Enterobius vermicularis
= Pinworm Infection #1 worm infection in U.S. - live in large intestine and females migrating and laying eggs at anus may cause itching at night dx- cellophane tape test
49
Copepods (Microscopic)
microscopic little arthropods Transmit Diphyllobothrium latum (fish/broad tapeworm), Dracunculus medinensis (dracunculiasis = Guinea worm),
50
Decapods
(Lobster, Crabs, Etc.) Transmit Paragonimus spp. (lung flukes)
51
scorpions
venemous sting occasionally cause death via action of toxins on numerous different ion channels
52
spiders
venemous bites causing necrosis (brown recluse) or neurotoxicity (black widow)
53
ticks
bites can cause tick paralysis via toxin soft ticks transmit borrelia --> tick-borne relapsing fever hard ticks transmit a variety of diseases
54
stuff transmitted by rocky mtn wood tick
tularemia, rocky mountain spotted fever, colorado tick fever, tick paralysis
55
stuff transmitted by blacklegged (deer) tick
anaplasmosis, babesiosis, lyme disease, febrile illness, powassan disease
56
stuff transmitted by itch mite (sarcoptes scabiei)
scabies "itch", mange
57
stuff transmitted by follicle mites (demodex follicularum & D. brevis)
Folliculitis, blepharitis, rosacea Dermatitis
58
Anoplura
(Sucking Lice) ``` Body louse transmits Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus) Bartonella quintana (trench fever) Borrelia recurrentis (louse-borne relapsing fever) ``` Pediculosis capitis Head lice infestation Pediculosis corporis Pediculosis pubis (crabs)
59
Siphonaptera
= fleas transmit cat scratch disease, plague, rickettsia typhi
60
Hemiptera
bed bugs Kissing (reduviid bug) transmits American typanosomiasis = Chagas disease
61
Diptera- flies
flies Flies bite and larvae infest human flesh (myasis, botfly Transmit typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, bacillary and amebic dysentery, giardiasis, helminths, trachoma, conjunctivitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, bartonellosis, and sandfly fever
62
diptera- mosquitos & midges
aedes- chikungunya, yellow fever, zika culex- west nile anapholes- malaria, west nile
63
hymenoptera (bees, ants, etc.)
sting
64
cockroaches
can trigger asthma via droppings
65
Coleoptera (Beetles)
Can be flour/grain beetles can be intermediate hosts for thorny headed worms or rat tapeworm blister beetles - cause blistering via cantharidin
66
Lepidoptera (Moths, Etc.)
some caterpillars can cause chemical burns
67
centipedes
can have a venemous bite
68
milipedes
can exude vesicating venom

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