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PoD > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Main groups of parasites

A
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths (worms)
  • Arthropods (lice, ticks mites)
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2
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Microscopic, one celled organisms
  • Free-living or parasitic in nature
  • Able to multiply in humans
  • Transmission: faecal-oral route, live in intestine. Arthropod vector, live in the blood or tissue of humans
  • Malaria, amoebae, flagellates
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3
Q

Helminths

A
  • Nematodes, roundworms
  • Cestodes, tapeworms
  • Trematodes, flukes, flatworms
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4
Q

Malaria, species and vector

A
  • Protozoa
  • Plasmodium spp.
  • Vector: Anopheles mosquito
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5
Q

Life cycle of malaria

A
  • Complex
  • Sporozites injected under skin by mosquito
  • Travel through blood and enter liver
  • Mature in liver and re-enter circulation as merozoites
  • Invade red cells, multiply and lyse cells
  • Sexual forms taken up by mosquito
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6
Q

Diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of malaria

A

Diagnosis: Giemsa stained blood films show infected red cells. Little rings in cells
Symptoms: Pyrexia, rigors, flu-like illness, anaemia and haemolysis
Treatment: Insecticide mosquito nets, prophylaxis

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7
Q

Amoebic dysentery species

A
  • Protozoa

- Entamoeba histolytica

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8
Q

Life cycle of amoebic dysentery

A
  • Trophozoite ingests red cells by throwing out pseudopodia - hot stool
  • Cyst of E.histolyica: 2 nuclei and chromatoid body, typically found in formed stool
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9
Q

Symptoms and clinical findings of amoebic dysentery

A

Diarrhorea with blood/pus

Clinical findings: intestinal and extra-intestinal infections, liver abscess in late disease

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10
Q

Leishmaniasis species and vector

A
  • Protozoa
  • Leishmania spp.
  • Vector: infection by bite from sandflies
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11
Q

Diagnosis and clinical findings of leishmaniasis

A
  • Histology of biopsy material
  • Clinical findings: Cutaneous or muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis, skin or mucosal ulceration
    Visceral Leishmaniasis: fever, weight loss and hepato-splenomegaly
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12
Q

Enterobiases species and route

A

Helminth, roundworm
Enterobius vermicularis
Faecal-oral route

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13
Q

Enterobiases life cycle

A

Pinworms travel down to the anus at night and lay eggs

1cm, threadlike found in children

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14
Q

Diagnosis of enterbiases

A

Press adhesive tape against perianal region in the morning and ova can be seen on microscopy

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15
Q

Nematodes species

A
  • Helminths

- Ascaris lumbricoides

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16
Q

Life cycle of nematodes

A
  • Ingested eggs hatch in the intestine
  • Larvae carries by circulation to lungs, swallowed again
  • Adult worms develop in and inhabit small intestine
  • Ova seen in faeces by microscopy
    Have characteristic thick shell
17
Q

Symptoms of nematodes

A
  • Often asymptomatic, can get transient pulmonary symptoms

- Mass of worms may obstruct small intestine or common bile duct

18
Q

Tapeworms - cestodes, species

A
  • Flatworm

- Taenia sagniata (beef) and Taenia solium (pork)

19
Q

Life cycle of cestodes

A
  • Larvae doesn’t mature to adult form in beef or pork, needs a host
  • Larval cysts are in intermediate host, meat
  • Definitive host of adult tapeworm is human
  • If T.solium eggs are direct consumed, you can get cystericercosis and wreck brain
20
Q

Diagnosis of cestodes

A

Ova in stools on microscopy

21
Q

Echinococcus tapeworms species, route and vector

A

Flatworm
Echinococcus sp.
Vector: carried by dogs, wolves and foxes
Faecal-oral route, humans ingest eggs from dog faeces

22
Q

Life cycle of echinococcus

A

Ingest eggs
Eggs hatch and enter circulation
Hydatid cyst forms in liver

23
Q

Treatment of Hydatid cyst

A

Need to resect whole cyst in liver otherwise you can release the fluid inside and cause anaphylaxis

24
Q

Schistosomiasis species

A

Flukes, trematodes
S. haematobium (bladder) - haematouria, bladder ca.
S. mansoni (intestinal)
S. japonicum (intestinal) - most severe

25
Q

Life cycle of Schistosomiasis

A
  • Swimming in freshwater
  • Eggs excreted in urine or faeces
  • Miracidia released in fresh water
  • Intermediate host, snail
  • Cercaria emerge from snails
  • Migrates through lungs to liver
  • Mature in liver into worms (schistosomes), migrate to mesenteric or bladder venules
  • Lay eggs that cause inflammation in bladder or intestinal wall
  • Acute febrile episode 4-8 weeks later
26
Q

Helminth infection is often accompanied by

A

Eosinophilia and elevated IgE

27
Q

Diagnosis of parasitic infection

A
  • Microscopy: identification of parasites in host tissue or excreta. Observing P, C and O in faeces
  • Culture rarely possible
  • Blood films for malaria: thick and thin films looking for ring of plasmodium
  • Serology: detection of antibodies, if the parasite is located in deep tissue sites

PoD (33 decks)

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