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IAHI Block 1 > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

(37 cards)

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1
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship of distinct organisms in close association with one another

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2
Q

Mutualism:
Commensal:
Parasitism:

A

Mutualism: Benefits both
Commensal: Benefits one and neutral for the other
Parasitism: Benefits one and harfmul for the other (parasite vs host)

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3
Q

Human parasites are divided into:

A

Endo (infection inside the body)

Ecto (Infestation or within skin)

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4
Q

Endoparasites are divided into:

A

Protozoan (unicellular)

Helminths (multicellular worms)

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5
Q

Parasite (Biological Definition)

A

An organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a host organism to the detriment of that host

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6
Q

Definitive Host

A

Host in which the sexual stage of a parasite life cycle occurs

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7
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Host in which asexual reproduction or development occurs

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8
Q

Incidental Host

A

Host is not an obligate part of parasite life cycle

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9
Q

Reservoir Host

A

Animal hosts that maintain the natural cycle in the wild - often are not really harmed by carriage

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10
Q

Vector Host

A

A host species that transmits an infections form of the parasite to another host species

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11
Q

Worldwide parasitology prevalence of Malaria

A

300-500 million cases per year

655,000 deaths, mostly children

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12
Q

Prevalent parasitologies

A 
Malaria
Leishmaniasis
Chaga's disease
Schistosomiasis
Lymphatic Filariasis
Ascariasis
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13
Q

The 6 Kingdoms

A 
Eubacteria
Archeobacteria 
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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14
Q

Cyst

A

Dormant stage of parasite, found encysted in host (intermediate or definitive)

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15
Q

Cyst, Hydatid

A

Specialized cysitcercal form of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus - found in the intermediate host

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16
Q

Larvae alternative names

Study These Flashcards
A 
Metacercaria
Miracidium
Microfilariae
Cercaria
Filariform
Rhabditiform
Schistosomula
Sporocyst
17
Q

Class Cestoda

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Tapeworms; flattened segmented bodies
  • NO internal digestive system; nutrients absorbed across cuticle
  • Adults attach by anterior end (scolex) to the gut wall of definitive host
  • Segments (proglottids) mature from anterior to posterior; specialized for reproduction
  • Transmission by ingestion of larval cysticerci or eggs
18
Q

Class Trematoda

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A
  • Flukes of the lungs, liver and blood
  • Broad flattened bodies with a simple digestive system; a single opening serves as mouth and anus
  • One or more intermediate hosts, one of which is a snail
  • Transmission can be invasive or injestive
19
Q

Tapeworms associated with:

1) Raw Beef
2) Raw Pork
3) Eggs
4) Undercooked fish

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Taenia saginata (intestinal)
2) Taenia solium (Intestinal/lung)
3) Echinococcus granulosus (liver,lungs)
4) Diphyllobothrium (intestinal)

20
Q

Schistosoma spp. (Trematoda)

Study These Flashcards
A

Located in veins to gut/bladder

Cercaria penetrate skin

21
Q 
Pork tapeworm: Taenia solium
Location:
Definitive Host:
Intermediate Host:
Transmission:
Pathology:
Diagnosis:
Immunity:
Treatment:
Prevention:
Study These Flashcards
A

Location: Adults - Intestine; Cysticerci - any tissue
Definitive Host: Humans
Intermediate Host: Pigs or humans
Transmission: Ingestion
Pathology: Abdominal discomfort, occasionally nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and obstruction; Cysticercosis can affect brain functioning
Diagnosis:Self; active proglottids
Immunity: Humoral response to adult worms
Treatment: Praziquantel/ Dexamethasone
Prevention: Good public and personal hygiene

22
Q 
Diphyllobothrium latum: Fish tapeworm
Location:
Definitive Host:
Intermediate Host:
Transmission:
Pathology:
Diagnosis:
Immunity:
Treatment:
Prevention:
Study These Flashcards
A

Location: Lumenal, intestinal
Definitive Host: Humans
Intermediate Host: Copepod that infects fish
Transmission: Ingestion
Pathology: Adults absorb 80-100% dietary B12; anemia
Diagnosis: Active proglottids (eggs in feces)
Immunity: None
Treatment: Praziquantel; B12 supplement
Prevention: Good public hygiene

23
Q 
Echinococcosis: tapeworm Echinococcus
Location:
Definitive Host:
Intermediate Host:
Transmission:
Pathology:
Diagnosis:
Immunity:
Treatment:
Prevention:
Study These Flashcards
A

Location: Tissues mainly lungs and liver, but also spleen, kidneys, heart, bone and CNS
Definitive Host: Wild and domestic canines
Intermediate Host:Wild and domestic ungulates (hoofed animals); humans
Transmission: Ingestion of eggs from dogs
Pathology: Hyatid cysts in liver (50-70%) and lungs (20-30%) but also spleen kidney, bone and CNS; releases protoscolices; anaphylaxis
Diagnosis: CAT scan; presents as slow growing tumor; Serology used for confirmation
Immunity: Circulating antibodies to hydatid cyst antigens
Treatment: Percutaneous drainage with instillagion of hypertonic saline or alcohol; surgical removal; albendazole
Prevention:

24
Q

Schistosomiasis (Blood Flukes) - 3 types

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Schistosoma mansoni - inferior mesenteric veins
2) Schistosoma joponicum - superior mesenteric veins
3) Schistosoma haematobium - venous plexus (bladder)

25
``` Schistosomiasis Location: Definitive Host: Intermediate Host: Transmission: Epidemiology: Diagnosis: Immunity: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: Eggs migrate to descending colon, small intestine, bladder Definitive Host: Humans Intermediate Host: Snails Transmission: Invasive, aquatic cercaria penetrate skin Epidemiology: 240 million infected globally - contaminated water supply Diagnosis: Observation of eggs in feces or urine; serology Immunity: Adults masked by absorption of host serum proteins Treatment: Praziquantel in single or multiple doses potentiates active immune system killing of worms Prevention: Reduce source, control intermediate hosts; avoid contact with infested water
26
Schistosomiasis Pathology
Early (0-2 wks): Rash from invading cercaria; fever headache nausea as they migrate Middle (1-2 months): Symptoms from immune response to eggs, intense fever with onset of oviposition; Katayama syndrome Chronic (5-15 years): Severe liver disease; portal hypertension; fibrosis of bladder
27
Schistosome mating
Male and female are attached Male takes in nutrients Female produces eggs
28
Pathogenic types of Nematoda (round worm)
1) Lumenal - intestinal/anal/colon 2) Hookworm - intestinal soil 3) Tissue Worm - muscle/blood/tissue
29
``` Pinworm Location: Definitive Host: Intermediate Host: Transmission: Pathology: Diagnosis: Immunity: Treatment: Epidemiology: ```
Location: Adults in colon Definitive Host: Humans Intermediate Host: n/a Transmission: Ingestion of eggs, direct person to person Pathology: Intense perianal pruritis (itchy skin); Urogenital invasion in females can lead to bacterial infection; psychological trauma Diagnosis: Persistent perianal itch, restlessness, insomnia Immunity: none Treatment: Pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, albendazole Epidemiology: Prevalent in children, day care centers
30
``` Whipworm Location: Definitive Host: Intermediate Host: Transmission: Pathology: Diagnosis: Immunity: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: Adults attach to colonic mucosa Definitive Host: Humans only Intermediate Host: n/a Transmission: Ingestion of embryonated eggs Pathology: Low: usually none; High: Disrupted colonic mucosa, bloody stool, prolapse, anemia; heavy - impaired growth in children Diagnosis: Only by eggs in stool Immunity: Acquired immunity in natural infections Treatment: 3 days of ivermectin, mebendazole or albendazole Prevention: Good personal and public hygiene
31
``` Ascariasis Location: Definitive Host: Transmission: Epidemiology: Pathology: Diagnosis: Immunity: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: Adults free in upper intestine Definitive Host: Humans Transmission: Ingestion of eggs from soil Epidemiology: 25% of people infected worldwide - considered a US NDP (Neglected disease of poverty) Pathology: Heavy worm loads can lead to intestinal obstruction; stressed worms migrate to nose, ear, peritoneal Diagnosis: Eggs in stool Immunity: Allergic inflammation from larval migration through lungs Treatment: Mebendazole, albendazole or iermectin Prevention: Good personal and public hygiene
32
``` Hookworms Location: Definitive Host: Transmission: Epidemiology: Pathology: Diagnosis: Immunity: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: Small intestine Definitive Host: Humans Transmission: Invasive of skin in contact with soil Epidemiology: US-NDP, poor public sanitation, children and farmers with no shoes Pathology: Pruritis at penetration sites; heavy infection, larval migration through lungs can cause bronchitis; Exsanguination Diagnosis: Anemia; confirmed by eggs in stool Immunity: Asthmatic pathology with repeated infection Treatment: Pyrantel pamoate, albendazole and mebendazole Prevention: Good public hygiene, shoes
33
``` Strongyloides Location: Definitive Host: Transmission: Epidemiology: Pathology: Diagnosis: Immunity: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: Small intestine Definitive Host: Humans Transmission: Filariform larvae penetrates skin Epidemiology: US-NDP, up to 100,000 infections in the US; autoinfection can result in long-term infection Pathology: Pulmonary manifestation, high burden leads to chronic intestinal malabsorption, rashes due to autoinfection - can lead to immunosuppression and hyperinfection that can be fatal Diagnosis: Larvae in stool or sputum; serology Immunity: Asthmatic pathology with repeated infection Treatment: Treat all cases ivermectin 1st choice thiabenazole 2nd choice Prevention: Good public/personal hygeine; wear shoes
34
3 Alternative Life cycles of Strongyloides
Direct: Like hookworms: Invade skin goes to circulation then lodges in lungs; coughed up and swallowed, matures in intestine Indirect: Sexual reproduction in soil Autoinfection: Larvae mature in host, enter through colonic mucosa or perianal skin
35
Diagnostic staining and culture procedures for Strongyloides
1) Wet mount of stool 2) Human fecal smear stained with auramine O 3) Agar plate culture method 4) Gram staining of a sputum
36
``` Trichinosis Location: Definitive Host: Incidental Host: Transmission: Epidemiology: Pathology: Diagnosis: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: Adults in intestine; larvae in muscle Definitive Host: Meat eating mammals Incidental Host: Humans are dead end hosts Transmission: Raw/undercooked meat (pork) Epidemiology: Developed world, home-made sausage; Hunting (Inuits) Pathology: Mild pathology from adult worms (nausea, cramps); Inflammation around individual cyst; Severe symptoms - fever, neural dysfunction, conjunctivitis Diagnosis: Eosinophilia, periorbital edema, myositis, fever - serology > 3 weeks after infection Treatment: Mebendazole or albendazole Prevention: Cook food
37
``` Toxocariasis Location: Definitive Host: Incidental Host: Transmission: Epidemiology: Pathology: Diagnosis: Immunology: Treatment: Prevention: ```
Location: In dogs, adult worms free in upper intestine of dog; In humans, larva can be found in any tissue Definitive Host: Dogs Incidental Host: Humans Transmission: Ingestion of embryonated eggs from soil Epidemiology: More commonly in warmer climates Pathology: Heavy worm loads can lead to necrosis in any location; enlarged liver, pulmonary complications Immunology: Asthmatic and immune hypersensitivity common Diagnosis: ELISA for larval antigens, but can cross with Ascaris Treatment: Sever cases only, albendazole or mebendazole Prevention: Disposal of dog waste

IAHI Block 1 (16 decks)

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