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Parasitology Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

10-20 um
infective/diagnostic stage = cyst
Troph: granular cytoplasm, *Evenly arranged chromatin in peripheral of nucleus), *Small compact central karyosome, May have ingested RBCs (Dysentery), unidirectional
Cyst: 4 nuclei, chromatoidal bar
Disease: invade mucosa, flask-shaped ulcer, ab.pain, frequent BMs
TX: metronidazole

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2
Q

Entamoeba hartmanni

A 
5-10 um
infective/diagnostic stage = cyst
Troph: nondirectional, no RBCs ingested
Cyst: up to 4 nuclei
DIsease: non pathogenic
TX: metronidazole
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3
Q

Entamoeba coli

A

20-40 um
infective/diagnostic stage = cyst
Trop: vacuoles w/ yeast, *eccentric karyosome, *clumped/irregular chromatin
Cyst: up to 8 nuclei, splinter-shaped chromatoidal bars
Disease: non pathogenic
TX: metronidazole

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4
Q

Endolimax nana

A 
Infective/diagnosic stage = cyst
Troph = *no peripheral chromatin, *large karyosome
Cyst = 4 nuclei, no chromatoidal bars
Disease: non pathogen
TX: metronidazole
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5
Q

Blastocystis hominis

A

Infective/diagnostic stage = cyst
Cyst: large central body (stains dark), pushes nuclei to the edge
Disease: watery diarrhea, ab. pain, flatulence
TX: metronidazole

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6
Q

Iodamoeba butschlii

A

Infective/diagnostic stage = Cyst
Troph: active motility, granular cytoplasm with large vacuole, large/eccentric karyosome, “basket” appearance
Disease: non pathogenic

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7
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

A 
*NO cyst stage, amoeba-flagelate
Troph: two nuclei, *fragmented karyosome, no peripheral chromatin, vacuoles with ingested debris
Disease: diarrhea, ab. pain
Related to bad hygiene
TX: metronidazole
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8
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

Related to pools, water, AC units, contact lens hygiene
Pseudopods
Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE): headaches, neurological defects, keratitis/corneal ulcers, death
TX: Polymixin B, Clotrimazole

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9
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Related to water, pools, aquariums
Infective Stage = flagellate
Diagnostic Stage = Troph
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM): Infection of meninges, enters through nasal cavity and migrate to brain via olfactory nerve, death by cardio-respiratory arrest
Diagnosis: CSF has decreased glucose/ increased protein, flagellate seen in CSF

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10
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Intestinal flagellate
Infective Stage = Cyst (through food/water)
Diagnostic = Cyst AND troph
Cyst: 4 nuclei, median bodies
Troph: 4 pairs of flagella, adhesion disk, 2 nuclei, 2 axonemes, 2 median bodies
Disease: feeds on mucous in duodenum; ab. pain, flatulence, diarrhea with NO BLOOD
TX: Quinacrine (Atabrine)

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11
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

No cyst stage
Troph: undulating membrane
Women: ab. pain, vaginitis, discharge
TX: metronidazole

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12
Q

Chilomastix mesnili

A

Infective Stage = Cyst
Cyst: lemon shaped with hyaline bleb, curved fibril (“shepard hook”)
Troph: pear shaped, 1 nucleus, oral groove
Disease: non pathogen

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13
Q

Balantidium coli

A 
Ciliate
Hogs are resevoir
Infective/Diagnostic Stage = Cyst
Troph: oval with short cilia
TX: metronidazole, tetracycline
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14
Q

Plasmodium species

A

Definitive host = mosquito
Intermediate host = human
Infective stage = sporozoite
Diagnostic stage = ring form, gametocyte

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15
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

High parasitemia
Disease: Tertian Fever(48 hour), Fever spikes, decreased BP
Diagnosis: multiple rings, RBCs not enlarged, applique forms, banana-shaped gametocyte

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16
Q

Plasmodium malariae

A

Disease: Quartan Fever ( 72 hours)
Diagnosis: RBCs not enlarged, no multiple rings, “birds eye” rings, “band form” trophzoites, “rosette” schizont

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17
Q

Plasmodium vivax

A

Disease: Tertian Fever (48 hr)
Diagnosis: RBCs enlarged, Schuffner’s Dots present, large rings (>1/3 of cell), amoeboid trophs, schizonts have 8-12 merozoites

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18
Q

Plasmodium ovale

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A

Disease: Tertian Fever (48 hour)
Diagnosis: RBCs enlarged, Schuffner’s Dots present, oval RBCs with fimbrated edge.

19
Q

Babesia

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A

B. microti = Northeast US
B. divergens = Europe
B. duncani = WA and CA
Diagnosis: High parasitemia, multiple ring forms per RBC, ring forms have clear center, “maltese cross”, extracellular ring forms
Life Cycle: Two hosts (tick and mouse), humans infected by Ixodes Tick

20
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

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A

Life Cycle: Cats are definitive hosts (humans infected by cats)
Disease: affects immunocompromised, flu-like, lymphadenopathy, congenital (can cause CNS problems in baby if they get it from their mother)

21
Q

Cryptosporidium

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A

Infective/Diagnostic stage = oocyst
Diagnosis: round oocysts, 3-6 um, pink/red on Modified Acid Fast Stain
Disease: diarrhea, dehydration, immunocompromised (AIDS)

22
Q

Cystoiospora belli

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A

Infective/Diagnostic stage = oocyst
Diagnosis: pink/red in Modified Acid Fast, can be seen in wet mount, 25-30 um
Disease: affects immunocompromised, non-bloody diarrhea, weight loss

23
Q

Microsporidia

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A

Tiny (0.8-4.0 um)
stain red/pink with trichrome blue stain, has a belt-like stripe
affects immunocompromised

24
Q

Nematode

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A

Round worms

TX: Albendazole. mebendazole

25
Enterobius vermicularis
"Pin worm" Diagnosis: Pin worm paddle is best collected right after waking, humans are their only host Disease: Ab. pain, pruritus Infective/Diagnostic stage = egg Life Cycle: female produces eggs and lays them around anus
26
Trichus trichura
"Whip Worm" (Can co infect with Ascaris) Infective/Diagnostic stage = embryonated (barrel) egg Life Cycle: egg is ingested, larva mate and produce eggs, eggs found in cecum (large intestine) Disease: diarrhea, gastrointestinal pain, rectal prolapse. Egg = barrel shaped with polar plugs
27
Ascaris lumbricoides
"large intestinal roundworm" Infective/Diagnostic stage = embryonated egg Life Cycle: Ingest embyronated egg, lava hatch and circulate (can go to lungs, cough and swallow), mates in intestine, eggs passed Diagnosis: Bumpy, thick walled egg with large cellular mass, largest nematode, spread through food/water Disease: high worm burden can cause intestinal obstruction, pulmonary symptoms
28
Hookworms
Found in SMALL intestine Ancyclostoma duodenale: Middle East, teeth for attachment Necator americanus= North American, cutting plate Infective stage = lavra Diagnostic stage = egg and adult worm (can't differentiate based on eggs) Life Cycle: Larva penatrates skin, circulates (can go to lungs), mates/produces eggs, eggs passed Disease: "ground itch", blood loss
29
Strongyloides stercoralis
"Threadworm" Infective/Diagnostic Stage: larva Life Cycle: step on worm (penetrates skin), circulates (can go to lungs), female lays eggs in intestinal tract, EGGS HATCH IN GUT, larva passed, male/female mate outside of body, eggs hatch into larva, human steps on larva Disease: cutaneous, pulmonary, intestinal SHORT BUCCAL CAVITY IN RHABDITIFORM
30
Trichinella spiralis
"Trichinellosis" Life Cycle: Ingest larva (animal), encysts in muscles, we eat the meat, female produces eggs in intestine, encysts in human muscles Disease: myalgia, myocarditis, facial edema; must do muscle biopsy
31
Dracunculus medinensis
"Guinea Worm" (Africa) Life Cycle: larva in water, ingested by copepods, human drinks water, larva mature in human, adult female migrates to feet/ankle, blisters form and release female, female lays eggs in water TX: pull it out
32
Cestodes
Tape worms TX: Praziquantel Definitive host = humans
33
Taenia solium
"pork tape worm" can have brain cysticercus Life Cycle: cysticercus ingested from raw pork, attach to intestine and release gravid proglottids, eggs hatch and pass, pigs eat eggs Can not differentiate based on eggs scolex is rostellum with ring of hooklets
34
Taenia sanguinata
"beef tapeworm" raw beef NO brain cysticercus scolex is flat/rounded
35
Diphyllobothrium latum
"broad fish tapeworm" raw fish Infective stage = Pleroceroid (in fish muscle) Diagnostic stage = egg life cycle: pleroceroid is in fish muscle, we eat fish, grows in intestinal tract, egg goes into water, embryo hatches in water, enters crustation, fish eats crustation, we eat fish Disease: Gefilte Fish "Jewish Housewife Disease", egg has operculum WITHOUT shoulders with abopercular knob Diagnosis: diarrhea, vomit proglottids are broader than long
36
Hymenolepsis nana
"dwarf tape worm" Infective/Diagnostic stage = egg Life Cycle: egg ingested by insect, rodent eats insect, humans ingest/inhale eggs Disease: light, ab. pain, diarrhea Diagnosis: 6-hooked embryo with POLAR FILAMENTS
37
Hymenolepsis diminuta
"rat tape worm" | Same as D. nana, but egg has NO polar filiments
38
Trematodes
``` Flukes TX: Praziquantal Infective stage = larva Diagnostic stage = egg Life Cycle: Human stands in water, cercaria (larva) attaches to skin and burrows in, circulates (bladder/gut), eggs passed in stool, eggs goes into water, ingested by snail, burrows out of snail and into water ```
39
Shistosoma
"swimmers itch" Mansoni = South America, Africa, Middle East ; lateral spine Japonicum = China, Japan ; small/less conspicuous spine Haematobium = Africa; large/straight spine
40
Paragonimus westermani
"lung fluke" Infective stage = larva Diagnostic stage = egg Life Cycle: humans eats crustation, ingests larva (cercaria), develops in gut, passes, hatches in water, enters snail, crustation eats snail Diagnosis: egg has operculum with SHOULDERS
41
Fasciolopsis bucki
``` "large intestinal fluke" Watercress, water chestnuts SMALL INTESTINE Diagnostic stage = egg Small/indistinct operculum ```
42
Fasciola hepatica
"Sheep live fluke" Life Cycle: Humans eat watercress, parasite grows in liver/gall bladder, eggs oass, miracidium enters snail, becomes cercaria, enters plant Found in liver, can obstruct liver ducts Disease: URQ pain, high IgG/IgM, jaundice, biliary obstruction, hepatomegaly Can not speciate based on eggs, so look at where the adult is located.
43
Clonorchis sinensis
"Chinese/Oriental Live Fluke" Life Cycle: We pass egg, it hates and lives in snail, fish eat cercaria, we eat fish Diagnosis: "urn shaped" eggs, operculum WITH SHOULDERS, knob at opposite end.

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