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Mycology > Parasitology I: Protozoans > Flashcards

Parasitology I: Protozoans Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the distribution of Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Global

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2
Q

What is the infectious and diagnostic stage of Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Oocyst

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3
Q

What is the route of transmission of Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Fecal-oral

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4
Q

What is the basic life cycle of Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Oocysts in poop are ingested. Goes down GI tract and releases sporozoites. Trophozoites attach to microvilli of small intestine and wreck havoc.

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5
Q

Which stage of the life cycle causes all of the damage in Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Trophozoites

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6
Q

What are the groups most at risk for Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Elderly, young, immunocompromised, or pregnant

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7
Q

What is the incubation period of Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

2-10 days

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

A week of watery diarrhea

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9
Q

Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium hominis

A

Test for Ova and Parasites
Modified acid-fast stain of stool samples (oocyst retains the dye)
Immunofluorescence using anti-C. hominis antibodies

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10
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidium hominis

A

Nitrazoxanide (targets anaerobic metabolism)

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11
Q

What is the distribution of Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Global. Commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.

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12
Q

What is the only host of Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Humans

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13
Q

What is the transmission of cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Fecal-oral

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14
Q

What is the infectious and diagnostic stage of cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Oocyst

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15
Q

What are the groups that are most at risk for an infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

People eating imported foods (human feces used as fertilizer in other countries)
People traveling to countries other than the U.S. or Canada

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16
Q

Diagnosis of Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

Stool acid-fast stain (Variably acid-fast!)

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17
Q

Symptoms of Cyclospora cayetanensis

A 
Watery diarrhea (most common)
Other GI symptoms
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18
Q

What are the major differences between Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium?

A

1) Cyclospora is variably acid fast wheras cryptosporidium is acid-fast
2) Cyclospora is twice the size of cryptosporidium

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19
Q

What is the treatment of Cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Sulfa-Trimethoprim

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20
Q

What is the infectious stage of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Oocyst

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21
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cysts in the tissues

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22
Q

Who gets Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Those who clean cat litter and those who eat raw/undercooked meat. Immunocompromised and preganant women at high risk

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Immunocompetant: Asymptommatic
Immunocompromised: Fatigue, Sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever/headache, muscle aches, poor coordination/blurred vision, severe eye infections, and enlarge liver/spleen

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24
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Primary method: Serology (look for antibodies)
PCR
Biopsied tissue

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25
What are Toxoplasma gondii's effects on the brain?
Causes multiple lesions that have a preference for the basal ganglia. In immunocompromised patients, toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of brain abscess
26
Treatment
Pyrimethamine + Sulfonamides +Leucovorin | **Pyrimethamine is teratogenic, so spiramycin should be used instead in the first trimester
27
Where does Babesia microti normally exist?
Northeast United States
28
What is the infectious stage of Babesia microti?
Sporozoite
29
What is the diagnostic stage of Babesia microti?
Trophozoite
30
What groups are at risk for infection with Babesia microti?
Individuals who spend time outdoors where ticks dwell Splenectomized individuals Immunodeficient individuals Blood transfusion recipients
31
Symptoms of Babesia microti
Most are asymptomatic | Some develop flu-like symptoms, jaundice, hemolytic anemia
32
Diagnosis of Babesia microti
Look for the Maltese Cross on blood smears (tetrad while dividing)
33
Treatment of Babesia microti
Cominations of drugs: Atovaquone+Azithromycin Clindamycin+Quinine
34
What is the infectious stage of Plasmodium?
Sporozoite (via Anopheles mosquito)
35
What is the diagnostic stage of Plasmodium?
Trophozoite
36
What are the symptoms of Plasmodium?
Dark color urine (hemoglobin), enlarged spleen, anemia,jaundice
37
What can P. falciparum cause?
Cerebral malaria (high mortality)
38
Diagnosis of Plasmodium
Blood smears visualized with Wright's stain or Giemsa Card-based antigen detection: OptiMAL Banana-shaped nucleus indicated P. falciparum
39
What does a banana-shaped nucleus indicate?
P. falciparum
40
Treatment of Plasmodium
Chloroquine, Mefloquine, Halofantrine
41
What kind of protozoan is Naegleria?
Rhizopod
42
Where is Naegleria most commonly found?
Southern States. Kids and young adults get in swimming in fresh water during heat waves.
43
What is the infective form of Naegleria?
Trophozoite
44
What is the diagnostic form of Naegleria?
Trophozoite in CSF
45
Is the cyst form of Naegleria transmissible?
No
46
What does Naegleria cause?
Primary Amoebic Meningocephalitis (eats brain tissue)
47
What is the the treatment for Naegleria?
Amphotericin B, Miconazole, Rifampin
48
What does Acanthamoeba cause?
Keratitis of the eye and Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (focal lesions are common)
49
How is Acanthamoeba usually transmitted?
Through wounds on the skin/ contact lenses
50
Diagnosis for Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
Lumbar puncture | H&E Stain in Post-mortem tissue
51
Where does Entamoeba histolytica occur?
More common in tropical regions and areas of poor sanitation
52
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
Through human feces
53
What are the symptoms of Entamoeba histolytica?
Begin 2-4 weeks after infection and are usually minimal or asymptomatic Mucosal ulceration is flask-shaped Pathogen can go extra-intestinal and infect the liver Abscesses can occur in the liver
54
What is the Diagnosis for E. histolytica?
ID of E. histolytica in the stool | E. histolytica antigen tests
55
What is the treatment for E. histolytica?
Metronidazole+diloxanide | Dehydroemetine for severe extra-intestinal infections
56
Does Trichomonas vaginalis have a cyst form?
No
57
How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
The trophozoite form is introduced during sexual intercourse, and it replicates within the genital tract
58
Symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis
Women- persistant vaginitis, yellow-green discharge, foul odor Men- Usually asymptomatic, painful urination, sterility
59
Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole or Tinidazole
60
What is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the United States?
Giardia intestinalis
61
Where is Giardia intestinalis usually found?
Warmer climates
62
What is the transmission of Giardia intestinalis?
Infectious cysts are introduced via fecal-oral route, trophozoites form in the small intestine
63
Who is at risk for Giardia intestinalis?
Children wearing diapers People drinking contaminated water Swallowing water while swimming
64
What are the symptoms of Giardia intestinalis?
Symptoms begin 1-3 days after infection Diarrhea lasting up to 4 weeks (foul smelling, greasy stools) Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
65
How do you diagnose Giardia intestinalis?
Identify cysts in the stool (Iodine stain) and ID trophozoites in diarrheal stools (Giemsa Stain)
66
What is the treatment for Giardia?
Tinidazole, Quinacrine, hydrochloride, Metronidazole
67
What is the distribution of Leischmania?
Mexico and the Middle East
68
What is the transmission of Leischmania?
Bitten by a sandfly which introduces a metacyclic promastigote into the host
69
Who is at risk for a Leischmania infection?
Travelers or military personnel going to the Middle East
70
What are the symptoms of Leischmania?
Cutaneous- Least severe. Crater on the forehead Mucocutaneous- Painful metastatic mucosal lesions of the mouth and nose Visceral- Most severe. Delayed onset for months to years. Enlarged lymph nodes and liver. Massively enlarged spleen, edema
71
Diagnosis for Leischmania?
Microscopic evaluation of parasites
72
Treatment for Leischmania?
Pentavalent antimonials (Glucantime and Pentostam) Amphotericin B Paromomycin
73
What is the distribution of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas Disease)?
Central and South America
74
What is the transmission of Trypanosoma Cruzi?
A Triatome bug bites and defecates T. cruzi into you
75
What is the pathogenesis of T. cruzi?
Trypmastigotes transform into amastigotes, they transform back and trypmastigotes burst out of the cells and enter the bloodstream
76
What are the symptoms of Chagas Disease (T.cruzi)?
Acute phase: Periorbital swelling, myocarditis, encephalitis | Chronic form: Megacolon and megaesophagus
77
Diagnosis of Chagas Disease
Periorbital swelling (Romana's sign), detection of parasites in a blood smear, serology
78
Treatment of Chagas Disease (T. cruzi)?
Nifurtimox | Benznidazole

Mycology (5 decks)

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