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History IGCSE > Paris Peace Treaties > Flashcards

Paris Peace Treaties Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Georges Clemenceau and what were his aims?

A

• He was the Prime Minister of France, a hard and tough politician with a reputation for being uncompromising.

  • Wanted Germany to pay the reparations for the war
  • They wanted Germany to lose all of the land they had gained and more
  • They wanted German Armed Forces to be completely destroyed
  • They wanted to ensure that Germany could not attack France again
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2
Q

Who was David Lloyd George and what were his aims?

A

•He was the Prime Minister of Britain, a realist and very experienced politician.

  • He wanted Germany to be punished however, not too harshly, for it it may not recover.
  • His main aim was to stop Germany from having a Navy as he wanted Britain to be able to maintain their empire.
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3
Q

Who was Woodrow Wilson and what were his aims?

A

• He was the President of the United States, an idealist and a reformer.

  • Wilson proposed the 14 points, which he believed would end the war fairly and prevent another war in the future.
  • His two main ideas were self-determination for countries of Eastern Europe and the establishment of the league of Nations.
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4
Q

What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles? (1919)

A
  • In clause 231, Germany and her allies had to accept the blame for causing all the loss and damage of the war
  • Armed Forces were to be reduced to: 100,000 soldiers, no conscription, no submarines, no air force, no tanks, only 6 battleships, and for the Rhineland to be demilitarised for 15 years.
  • Germany had to pay £6,600 million in instalments until 1984
  • Germany lost all of its colonies and invaded territory
  • They weren’t allowed to join the league of Nations until they prove to be a peaceloving nation
  • The Anschluss with Austria was forbidden
  • Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent states.
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5
Q

What were the territorial changes in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

• West Prussia and Posen (polish corridor) gave Poland access to the sea.
• Upper Silesia and its resources went to Poland
• Danzig and Memel were governed under the League
• Alsace-Loraine was given back to France
• The Saar was run by the League. After 15 years, a plebiscite.
• Overseas colonies lost:
- Togoland and Cameroon to Britain and France
- New Guinea to Autralia
- Pacific Islands to Japan

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6
Q

What were some of the justification that said that the Treaty of Versailles was fair?

A
  • Germany was a historically aggressive country and had invaded France twice
  • The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had been extremely harsh with the Russians.
  • Very little land and infrastructure in Germany was destroyed.
  • Alsace Lorraine had been taken from France previously.
  • In many ways the treaty wasn’t harsh enough.
  • No fighting had taken place in Germany.
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7
Q

What were some of the justification that said that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair?

A
  • Germany wasn’t allowed to join the league at first.
  • Germany had great pride in its army, and it was cruelly reduced.
  • Germany wasn’t fully guilty for the war.
  • The amount of reparations was huge, and it would prevent German economy from recovering.
  • Germany had no say in the treaties.
  • It was the Kaiser that got Germany into the war, not the people.
  • Self-determination was denied to Germany as it was split up.
  • The 14 points weren’t used in the final treaty.
  • Rich industrial land was given away which made it harder to pay reparations.
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8
Q

What was Clemenceau’s reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?

A

• He liked harsh punishments in the treaty like:
the reparations that would go to France, the reduction in Germany is size, the demilitarised zone that would protect France by creating a buffer zone, and the territory that was given to France (Alsace Lorraine) that previously belonged to Germany

• However, he was disappointed because he wanted the treaty to be harsher, and he wanted Germany to be split up into smaller countries.

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9
Q

What was David Lloyd George’s reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • George liked the fact that Britain got some German colonies, and that Germany’s Navy was very very small.
  • However he thought that the treaty was far too harsh and would’ve ruined Germany, he thought it would cause another war in 25 years.
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10
Q

What was Woodrow Wilson’s reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • He was happy that he had managed to set up the league of Nations, and the countries in Eastern Europe had national self-determination.
  • However, some of his 14 points weren’t accomplished, and when he went back home, the U.S. Senate refused to join the league of Nations and even to sign the treaty.
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11
Q

What was Germany’s reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • They thought it was unfair that they were not allowed in the negotiations of the treaty, or the league of Nations. They thought the treaty was way too harsh.
  • they also felt that blame needed to be split
  • It was very hard for it to be able to pay reparations, as it was already suffering and economic crisis.
  • The army was a big part of German pride, and it’s immense reduction was not received well.
  • The loss of territory was a blow to their pride, as a lot of it was very valuable (the Saar).
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12
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch?

A

It was an attempted a revolution in 1920, led by right wing opponents of Ebert’s government. It was defeated by a general strike of Berlin workers, they paralysed essential services. It saved the government but added to the chaos in Germany and the bitterness towards the treaty.

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13
Q

Why did the French and Belgian enter the Ruhr in 1922?

A

After falling behind on reparation payments, and refusing to pay the French and Belgians, they decided to enter the Ruhr and take what was owed to them in raw materials.

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14
Q

What were the consequences of the occupation of the Ruhr?

A

The German government ordered the workers to go on strike (passive resistance), 100 workers were killed, and the strike meant that Germany no longer had enough goods to trade in order to make money. The government however, continue to print money, which led to severe hyperinflation.

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15
Q

What was the name given to the treaty that dealt with Austria, and what did it include?

A
  • Treaty of St Germain, 1919
  • Austria had to pay monetary reparations that lasted 30 years (which in fact we never made).
  • The army was reduced to just 30,000 soldiers, and conscription was banned.
  • Austria lost 60% of its territory: It was separated from Hungary, Bohemia and Moravia creating the new state of Czechoslovakia, it lost its overseas positions to China,….
  • It was forbidden to unite with the Germany in an Anschluss
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16
Q

What were the effects of the Treaty of St. Germain, 1919?

A
  • It’s felt that the treaty was on fair
  • It was left landlocked with only 6 million people living in it.
  • Many got self-determination is, but others were forced to live in countries they didn’t feel like they belonged in.
  • Italy was unhappy because it felt it should have received more land from Austria.
  • The countries economy suffered severely as much of this industry was lost to Czechoslovakia. It got a loan from the league in 1922.
  • In 1938, Austria was taken over by Germany in the Anschluss
17
Q

What was the name given to the treaty that dealt with the hungry, and what did it state?

A
  • Threaty of Trianon, 1920
  • It was meant to pay reparations, but it’s economy was too weak and it never did.
  • Its army was reduced to 35,000 soldiers, no air force heavy artillery or thanks, and no conscription.
  • Hungry lost about 75% of its territory and was left with only 3 million inhabitants. It lost Slovakia and Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia, Slovenia and Croatia to Yugoslavia,…
  • It was left land-locked.
18
Q

What were the effects of the Treaty of Trianon, 1920?

A
  • Hungarians were angry, as they felt it was very harsh.
  • In the future this made hungry want to ally with countries who disagreed with the Paris peace treaties, like Germany in WWII.
  • Its industry suffered from the loss of pop. and raw materials. Unemployment was high and industrial output declined.
19
Q

What was the name of the treaty that dealt with Bulgaria, and what did it state?

A
  • The Treaty of Neuilly, 1919
  • Bulgaria had to pay £100 million in reparations.
  • Its army was limited to 20,000 soldiers.
  • It lost relatively little land compared with other countries, it gained some land from Turkey, however lost access to the Mediterranean.
20
Q

What was the name of the first treaty they dealt with Turkey, and what did it state?

A
  • Treaty of Sèvres, 1920
  • The Allies took control of its finances and economy. It was forbidden to collaborate with Germany and other defeated countries.
  • Its army was restricted to 50,000 soldiers, the Navy limited to 13 boats, and no Air Force was allowed.
  • The Ottoman empire was broken up, and its territory was given to other countries in The Middle East, and some areas were given to France as mandates.
  • British French Italian and Greek troops occupied parts of Turkey.
21
Q

What were the effects of the Treaty of Sèvre, 1920?

A
  • The Turks were outraged, and Nationalists (lead by Mustafa Kemal) overthrew the Sultan and challenged the treaty by fighting and throwing the Greeks out of Turkey.
  • Kemal refused to sign the treaty.
  • There was anger that the British and French used the treaty to expand their empires, as Arabs who helped these countries in the war gained very little.
  • It finally led to the negotiation of a new treaty.
22
Q

What was the name of the second treaty dealing with Turkey, and what did in state?

A
  • The treaty recognised the borders of modern Turkey
  • The Allies no longer controlled the Turkish economy or its finances.
  • Reparations were not to be paid.
  • There were no limits on the turkeys Armed Forces, and the Allied troops withdrew from its territory.
  • The Straits were put back under Turkish control but declared open to all shipping.
23
Q

What were the consequences of the treaties in Czechoslovakia?

A
  • It was created from land of other countries.
  • It aimed to be a politically stable country, however this wasn’t very true, as it contained many different nationalities.
24
Q

What were the effects of the treaties in Poland?

A
  • The Allies wanted to recreate Poland so that it would act as a watchdog on Germany, and a barrier against Communist Russia.
  • However Poland had no natural frontiers such as rivers or mountains, which made it vulnerable to attack.
  • There was fighting between Poland and Russia.
  • Poland had been given access to the sea Through the ‘Polish Corridor’ which covered a German city called Danzig.
25
Q

What were the effects of the treaties on Yugoslavia?

A
  • It was an example of Wilsons idea of self-determination.
  • It was quite a stable area, which like Czechoslovakia contains a lot of different nationalities, leading to ethnic tensions.

History IGCSE (5 decks)

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