Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neurology > Parkinson's Disease > Flashcards

Parkinson's Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is parkinson’s disease?

A
  • sporadic disease of adults >65 years
  • presents with asymmetric tremor and bradykinesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the core features of parkinson’s disease?

A
  • bradykinesia
  • asymmetric ‘pill-rolling’ tremor (resting 3-5Hz tremor, reduced on action)
  • lead pipe rigidity
  • postural instability (late feature)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the bradykinesia in parkinson’s disease

A

slow movement
* short, shuffling steps with reduced arm swinging
* difficulty in initiating movement

poverty of movement also seen (hypokinesia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the tremor seen in parkinson’s disease

A
  • marked at rest, 3-5Hz
  • worse when stressed or tired
  • improves with voluntary movement
  • typically ‘pill-rolling’ - in the thumb and index finger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is cogwheeling?

A

lead pipe rigidity + tremor –> cogwheeling
jerkiness felt when testing a patient’s tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the typical features of the gait in parkinson’s disease?

A
  • small, shuffling steps
  • slowness of movement (especially on initiation of movement and on turning)
  • flexed posture
  • asymmetric tremor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is festination?

A

tendency to pick up speed as patient travels in a particular direction

seen in parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the autonomic features of parkinson’s disease?

A
  • constipation
  • symptomatic orthostasis (postural hypotension)
  • erectile dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what non-motor features are seen in parkinson’s disease?

A
  • autonomic involvment
  • olfactory loss
  • REM behavioural disorder
  • psychiatric features
  • fatigue
  • low and monotone voice
  • hypomimic facies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is REM behavioural disorder?

A

patient performs violent re-enactments of their dreams during REM phase sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what psychiatric features are seen in parkinson’s disease?

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • hallucinations
  • cognitive abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what medication can be prescribed in parkinson’s disease when people have functional impairment?

A

levodopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what types of medications are used in parkinson’s disease?

A
  • levodopa
  • dopamine agonists
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • COMT inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the common side-effects of levodopa?

A
  • hypotension
  • restlessness
  • GI upset
  • drug-induced dyskinesias
  • dopamine excess can result in psychiatric reactions including acute psychosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what can be prescribed alongside levodopa to reduce the peripheral side-effects?

A

peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g. carbidopa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how long does it take to develop complete loss of response to levodopa?

A

2-5 years

17
Q

what is rotigotine?

A
  • dopamine agonist used to treat parkinson’s disease
  • associated with impulse control disorder
18
Q

what are the symptoms of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS)?

A
  • anxiety
  • panic attacks
  • dysphoria
  • depression
  • agitation
  • irritability
  • suicidal ideation
  • fatigue
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diaphoresis
  • generalised pain
  • drug cravings

occurs when dopamine agonists are stopped too abruptly

19
Q

what is parkinson’s disease caused by?

A

degeneration of the substantia nigra

20
Q

what is progressive supranuclear palsy?

A
  • parkinsonism
  • vertical gaze palsy

parkinson-plus syndromes

21
Q

what are the parkinson-plus syndromes?

A
  • progressive supranuclear palsy
  • multiple system atrophy
  • cortico-basal degeneration
  • lewy body dementia
22
Q

what is parkinsonism?

A
  • resting tremor
  • hypertonia
  • bradykinesia
23
Q

what is multiple system atrophy?

A
  • parkinsonism
  • early autonomic clinical features - postural hypotension, incontinence, impotence

parkinson-plus syndrome

24
Q

what is cortico-basal degeneration?

A
  • parkinsonism
  • spontaneous activity by an affected limb or akinetic rigidity of that limb

parkinson-plus syndrome

25
Q

what is lewy body dementia?

A
  • parkinsonism
  • fluctuations in cognitive impairment
  • visual hallucinations

parkinson-plus syndrome

26
Q

what is apraxia?

A

not being able to follow instructions, but being able to do them automatically

27
Q

what condition can cause apraxia?

A

corticobasal degeneration

28
Q

what is postural hypotension?

A

fall in blood pressure of at least 20mmHg systolic and 10mmHg diastolic within 3 minutes in the upright position

29
Q

how does drug-induced parkinsonism present?

A
  • motor symptoms are generally rapid onset and bilateral
  • rigidity and rest tremor are uncommon
30
Q

what medications should be avoided in parkinson’s disease?

A

antipsychotics
can worsen symptoms of parkinson’s disease

neurology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions