PARKINSON'S DISEASE Flashcards
(9 cards)
define PD
“A degenerative disease affecting nuclei in the midbrain and brainstem” (Brookshire, 2015)
prevalence/incidence of PD
the second most common neurodegenerative disorder of adult age
etiology of PD
- idiopathic parkinsonism
- hereditary
- hereditary and environmental
pathomechanics of PD
- basal ganglia: When these neurons are impaired or die, they produce less dopamine, which causes the movement problems associated with PD. This would result in decrease levels of dopamine.
- norepinepherine: The loss of norepinephrine might help explain the non-motor features of PD such as fatigue, irregular blood pressure, movement of food through the digestive tract resulting later to dysphagia, sudden drop in blood pressure when a person stands up from a seating or lying position.
signs and symptoms of PD
- tremor in hand, arms, legs, jar or head
- muscle stiffness
- slowness of movements
- impaired balance and coordination
others:
- Symptoms of PD usually begin gradually and worsen overtime.
- Difficulty walking and talking
- Dyskinesias or involuntary muscle movements.
- Dystonias or painful muscle contractions
- Mental and behavioral changes
- Sleep problems
- Memory difficulties
- Fatigue
- Hypomimia (reduced facial expression)
- Depression and other emotional changes
- Difficulty swallowing, chewing, and speaking
- Urinary problems or constipation
- Skin problems
- Asymmetrical initial presentation
types of PD
- x-linked dystonia parkinsonism
- parkinson plus
risk factors of PD
- age
- sex
- source of water
- coffee
- tea or alcohol intake
- smoking
- insecticide usage
management in PD
- no cure
- medicine
- levodopa
- carbidopa
- dopamine agonists
- enzyme inhibitor
- amantadine
- anticholinergic drugs - surgical treatment
- deep brain stimulation - therap
slp management in PD
- difficulty with speech
- difficulty with chewing and swallowing
- difficulty with controlling saliva
