TBI

Question 1

define TBI

Answer 1

results of abrupt external forces acting on the skull and the brain, as when a moving object, such as a bullet, club or baseball, strikes the head or when the moving head strikes a stationary object, such as an automobile dashboard, tree, or side walk

Question 2

incidence of TBI

Answer 2

notes a higher percentage of TBI is reported in the regions of africa and southeast asia

more common in lower-middle income countries

Question 3

etiologies of TBI

Answer 3

falls, vehicular accidents, violent assaults, being hit by or running into an object

Question 4

risk factors of TBI

Answer 4

• age
• sex
• substance abuse
• school adjustments and social history
• socioeconomic status
• personality
• history of TBI
• high risk sports

Question 5

types of TBI

Answer 5

1. penetrating head injuries (open TBI)
2. non penetrating head injuries (cloeed head or blunt TBI)

Question 6

pathophysiology of penetrating head injuries

Answer 6

most are caused by missiles, some by blunt object and a few by falls

degree and nature of damage caused by the missile are dependent on the velocity of the missile
- high velocity: causes more physical damage to cranial contents and perforates the skull and tunnel through the brain before exiting to the opposite side of the entry

• low velocity: less often fatal and perforates the skull and brain causing tissue damage adjacent to the missile’s track

Question 7

types of non-penetrating head injuries

Answer 7

1. non-acceleration (fixed head trauma)
2. acceleration injury (moving ehad trauma)
3. traumatic hemorrhage

Question 8

signs and symptoms of TBI

Answer 8

problem in …
1. physical
2. sensory
3. behavior
4. social communication
5. swallowing
6. thinking skills

Question 9

severity of TBI

Answer 9

1. mild
   - managed through consultation, monitoring, medication, resting
2. severe
   - surgery, medication, rehabilitation

Question 10

level of consciousness in TBI

Answer 10

1. coma: unconscious talaga
2. vegetative: absent awareness of the self and the environment
3. minimally conscious state: makes minimal but unmistakable evidence of consciousness

Question 11

prognostic indicators of TBI

Answer 11

1. duration of coma
2. patient-related variables
3. duration of post-traumatic amnesia

Question 12

management of TBI

Answer 12

interdisciplinary collaboration

1. sensory stimulation and orientation
2. behavior management
3. pharmacologic intervention
4. cog-com rehabilitation
   - restorative interventions and compensatory intervention
   - component training: stimulate and reactivate cognitive and linguistic processes
5. community integration