Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
(27 cards)
Over what age does PD affect?
50
is PD typically uni or bilateral
unilateral
how many systems does it affect?
it is a multisystem disorder
how many strains can you get of PD?
3
parkinsons
secondary parkinsons
parkinsons plus
what are some examples of Parkinson’s+ syndromes?
MSA
progressive supraneuclear palsy
what is the cause of PD?
no known cause = idiopathic
how will PD be diagnosed?
clinical presentation
medical history
there is no ‘PD test’
what are the 4 cardinal symptoms?
tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia
postural instability
what are the three proposed phases of PD?
- preclinical
- premotor
- manifestation of classic motor symptoms
what are some premotor symptoms
olfactory deficit
sleep disorders
mood changes
what causes the PD symptoms?
loss of dopamine
up to 70-80%
what part of the brain has a loss of dopamine?
substantia nigra
which pathway of the substantia nigra is most profound?
pars compacta
what structures make up the striatum?
caudate nucleus and the putamen
what structure of the basal ganglia is closely associated with motor control?
putamen
does the direct pathway
a) inhibit activity
b) facilitate activity
facilitates
a reduction in dopamine will do what to the activation of both direct and indirect pathways?
it will reduce the activity in the direct pathway
it will increase inhibition of the indirect pathway
why might the cerebellum contribute to the clinical symptoms seen in PD?
there are some connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum
AND there are some indications of structural changes in the cerebellum
what other disease is the presence of lewy bodies associated with?
alzheimers
what medicine is used to manage PD?
levodopa - which is the pre curser to dopamine (the brain will synthesise it with something else to make dopamine and then it will all be g)
what is the role of the slt in PD?
dysarthria
cognitive changes that impair language
dysphagia
where does the pars reticulate send messages to?
striatum (caudate nucleus and the putamen)
what does the nigrostriatal pathway stimulate?
the cerebral cortex involving movement
when neurons die in the pars compacta what kind of state will this mean the individual will be in?
hypokinetic
